Agent chat: a Cheaper Inference preset for OpenAI-compatible endpoints (#11174)

* claim: #10745

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Control channel: ui.menu refuses missing targets, reports the History item menu, and tells the joint menu items apart (#10745)

- ui.menu looks a target up and refuses one the design doesn't have ("no body `NoSuchBody`").
- The History bar's feature menu is the shared context menu (Target::Timeline), so ui.menu
  reports it, ui.menuPick runs its items and {"type":"timeline","feature":id} opens it.
  Its Show All toggle moves to TreeState so the menu can list Delete after the marker.
- Edit Joint Limits is ui.editJointLimits and opens Edit Joint with Limits expanded.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Icon audit: open the section and canvas menus on a real section and canvas; a hidden section has a menu too

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ui.menu: check a group's or folder's scope and folder name; Delete after the marker gets its own id

A group or folder target is refused unless its scope is a row of its component (`c<id>` or a
placement of it) and the folder is bodies, sketches or construction. The History item menu's
delete of everything after the marker is ui.deleteAfterMarker, so ui.menuPick can tell it from
Delete (review on #10746).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ui.menu: a component's own c<id> scope is the design root's only; test that Delete after the marker deletes

The browser draws a part's folders and groups under its placements (o:<path>), so a c<id> scope
for any component but the root names a row that isn't there (review on #10746). The History test
now picks ui.deleteAfterMarker and checks the features are gone.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ui.menu: a placement scope must be spelt as the browser keys it

o:012 parses to placement 12 but isn't the row's key (o:12), so Show/Hide would store a key no
row reads (review on #10746).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* History item menu: no Delete after the marker when nothing shown is after it

A timeline target for a feature the bar's component filter leaves out listed no features, so the
item did nothing (review on #10746).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ui.menu: a plane target must be construction geometry

The plane menu's Show/Hide keys the feature's name as an origin item, so any other feature got a
menu whose actions don't fit it (review on #10746).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ui.menu: accept the view navigator's and selection filter's menus, which main added

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

AGENTS.md

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 SolidCraft is a clean-room, pure-Rust parametric 3D CAD app (sketch solver, feature timeline, B-rep kernel, an egui UI that agents drive). This file is a router: the hard rules, then the skill to read for your task. Humans: CONTRIBUTING.md.
 
 ## Start here
-Work: ROADMAP.md, "Where help is wanted most" in CONTRIBUTING.md, issues labelled `help wanted`, `good first issue`, `needs-triage`; architecture in `docs/architecture.md`. Act when the code, docs and rules settle a question; ask only when it changes what users see. Local `plan/` notes are optional.
+Work: ROADMAP.md, "Where help is wanted most" in CONTRIBUTING.md, issues labelled `help wanted`, `good first issue`, `needs-triage`; architecture in `docs/architecture.md`. Local `plan/` notes are optional.
 
 ## Hard rules (what enforces each)
 - Independent: never copy another product's code, icons, text or templates; never drive or take data from commercial CAD. `skills/solidcraft-ground-rules/SKILL.md`.
 - No GPL/LGPL/AGPL code, not even reading it (OpenCASCADE, FreeCAD, SolveSpace, CadQuery, LibreCAD, QCAD): `cargo xtask licences --check`.
 - Every asset is original or openly licensed with a row in ATTRIBUTION.md; read `assets/AGENTS.md` before icon work: `cargo xtask assets`, `cargo xtask icons`.
-- Never crash: no unwrap/expect/panic/unsafe in non-test code (unsafe allowlist in crash-safety), errors are `Result`, input is hostile: clippy `-D warnings`, `hostile_params_never_panic`.
+- Never crash: no unwrap/expect/panic/unsafe in non-test code, errors are `Result`, input is hostile: clippy `-D warnings`, `hostile_params_never_panic`.
 - Model decisions (what an operation does, which bodies it touches, which face or edge a point or name means, depths, nearness) use exact geometry; a mesh is for display, export, previews and mesh bodies (`xtask/mesh-decisions.txt` only shrinks): `cargo xtask mesh-decisions`.
 - New kernel cases go to solidcore: `cargo xtask lists`.
 - Everything is a command and programmatic calls never open dialogs: `skills/solidcraft-commands/SKILL.md`.
@@ -21,12 +21,14 @@ Work: ROADMAP.md, "Where help is wanted most" in CONTRIBUTING.md, issues labelle
 - A design-format change is ONE new file in `crates/doc/src/format/pending/`: `scripts/test-format-pending.sh`.
 - A command has input and output schemas (will become required; `schema/unconverted.txt` only shrinks): `skills/solidcraft-commands/SKILL.md`.
 - New UI strings go in `assets/locales/pending/<slug>.json`, ATTRIBUTION rows in `attribution/pending/<slug>.md`: `cargo xtask lists`.
-- A changed default keeps the old behaviour behind a preference and fills the PR's `Changes a default:` line, and no second PR for an issue a lower-numbered one closes: `pr-checks.yml`.
+- A changed default keeps the old behaviour behind a preference and fills the PR's `Changes a default:` line: `pr-checks.yml`.
 - A regression test goes in the area's existing test file, never a per-bug file (#3226).
-- Look at open PRs first, claim with a draft PR (lowest number wins), one topic per PR, never force-push `main`, no pushes just to catch up with `main`: `skills/solidcraft-contributing/SKILL.md`.
+- Look at open PRs first, claim with a draft PR (lowest number wins), one topic per PR: `skills/solidcraft-contributing/SKILL.md`.
 - A PR's title and first sentence make sense to someone who never saw your chat or the issue: `skills/solidcraft-contributing/SKILL.md`.
+- Code, comments, commit messages and docs are in English, always: `skills/solidcraft-contributing/SKILL.md` ("Working as an agent").
+- Independent work runs in parallel, dependent work stays sequential: `skills/solidcraft-contributing/SKILL.md` ("Working as an agent").
 - Show observable changes with real screenshots or a recording, captured yourself.
-- Run `cargo xtask ci` before every commit, without switching branches while it runs. `cargo xtask skills` keeps this file and `skills/` honest.
+- Run `cargo xtask ci` before every commit. `cargo xtask skills` keeps this file and `skills/` honest.
 
 ## Working on X: read the skill first
 | Working on | Read |

ATTRIBUTION.md

@@ -317,7 +317,6 @@ Editable drawing code, native projects and shipped exports are collected under `
 | assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/circle_ttt.svg | SolidCraft contributors | two-tone modelling icon master (64 grid), original SolidCraft artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/coil.svg | SolidCraft contributors | two-tone modelling icon master (64 grid), original SolidCraft artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/colored_components.svg | SolidCraft contributors | original icon master (64 grid) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
-| assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/colored_components_off.svg | SolidCraft contributors | original icon master (64 grid) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/combine.svg | SolidCraft contributors | two-tone modelling icon master (64 grid), original SolidCraft artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/component.svg | SolidCraft contributors | two-tone modelling icon master (64 grid), original SolidCraft artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 
@@ -799,6 +798,10 @@ Original SolidCraft drawings, Open for owner review; no runtime assignments.
 | docs/book/src/media/ui-tour/window.png | SolidCraft contributors | screenshot of SolidCraft 0.29.0 itself (`solidcraft --sample`, default dark theme, software renderer, 1280x800) with original numbered callouts (digits set in DejaVu Sans Bold), captured with examples/demo/doc_shots.py | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | docs/book/src/media/ui-tour/navigate.mp4 | SolidCraft contributors | original screen recording of the actual SolidCraft 0.29.0 English desktop UI (`--sample`, default dark theme, software renderer) orbiting, panning and zooming, with the original drawn pointer of examples/demo/overlay.py and labels set in DejaVu Sans Bold, captured with examples/demo/doc_shots.py | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | assets/locales/pending/sketch-tool-hints.json | carlymx | Original sketch tool hints and engine error translations | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| assets/locales/pending/primitive-pick-field-tips.json | SolidCraft contributors | Original primitive pick-field tooltip translations | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| assets/locales/pending/ribbon-panel-hover.json | SolidCraft contributors | Original ribbon panel menu preference labels and translations | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| docs/screenshots/box-insert-designer.gif | Shawn Marx | original recording made with BoxInsertDesigner's own Motion export (its three.js viewer) of its example game `examples/ccg-example` (https://github.com/ShawnMarx/BoxInsertDesigner): a card game box insert whose trays were built by SolidCraft through `solidcraft-cli`; the published card, board and box art in it is pixelated beyond recognition, and no logos or game names are shown (2.5× playback, 800 px wide) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| docs/screenshots/box-insert-designer.mp4 | Shawn Marx | original recording made with BoxInsertDesigner's own Motion export (its three.js viewer) of its example game `examples/ccg-example` (https://github.com/ShawnMarx/BoxInsertDesigner): a card game box insert whose trays were built by SolidCraft through `solidcraft-cli`; the published card, board and box art in it is pixelated beyond recognition, and no logos or game names are shown (1280×720) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 
 ## Code adapted from sibling projects
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ The [architecture page](docs/architecture.md) has the layer table. The short ver
 
 - `crates/geom`: vectors, planes, meshes, measures.
 - `crates/sketch`: our own constraint solver, plus profile finding.
+- `crates/dynamics`: multibody dynamics: rigid bodies, joint constraints, gravity and springs,
+  integrated in time (RFC #9719). It depends only on `geom`.
 - `crates/kernel`: the B-rep kernel boundary. It wraps [truck](https://github.com/ricosjp/truck),
   and it's the only crate allowed to touch truck. Fillets, chamfers, shell/offset, Delete Face,
   Split Face, STEP/IGES read and write, and face provenance are our own code here. Patched
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ mean something else, it needs a format change. **Add one file, and edit nothing
    change's file, or any `v<N>/` folder: those are fixed once released.
 
 That's all. The build counts the files: while any are pending it writes the next format number,
-which no release reads, so a release warns about a design that has your change and keeps what it can't read of it.
+which no release reads, so a release refuses a design that has your change instead of losing it.
 A file also lists the pending changes it has (`format_pending`), so a later development build
 runs only the steps that file is missing. Two pull requests that each add a change merge without
 a conflict. `crates/doc/src/format/pending/README.md` has an example.

Cargo.lock

@@ -4153,6 +4153,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "web-time",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "solidcraft-dynamics"
+version = "0.40.0-rc.2"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "solidcore-record",
+ "solidcraft-geom",
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "solidcraft-engine"
 version = "0.40.0-rc.2"

Cargo.toml

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ solidcraft-kernel = { path = "crates/kernel" }
 solidcraft-smlib = { path = "crates/smlib" }
 solidcraft-step = { path = "crates/step" }
 solidcraft-render = { path = "crates/render" }
+solidcraft-dynamics = { path = "crates/dynamics" }
 solidcraft-gpu = { path = "crates/gpu" }
 solidcraft-doc = { path = "crates/doc" }
 solidcraft-io = { path = "crates/io" }

apps/solidcraft-cli/src/alias.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::process::{Command, ExitCode};
 const TARGET: &str = "solidcraft-cli";
 
 fn main() -> ExitCode {
-    eprintln!("solvecraft-cli is deprecated and will be removed in a later release: use solidcraft-cli");
+    solidcraft_engine::note!("solvecraft-cli is deprecated and will be removed in a later release: use solidcraft-cli");
     let sibling = std::env::current_exe()
         .ok()
         .and_then(|exe| exe.parent().map(|dir| dir.join(format!("{TARGET}{}", std::env::consts::EXE_SUFFIX))))
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
             None => ExitCode::FAILURE,
         },
         Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("solvecraft-cli: could not run {}: {e}", program.to_string_lossy());
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("solvecraft-cli: could not run {}: {e}", program.to_string_lossy());
             ExitCode::FAILURE
         }
     }

apps/solidcraft-cli/src/fuzz.rs

@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ pub fn one(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(|_| {
         PANICS.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
     }));
-    eprintln!("design {seed}");
-    let run = fuzz::run_with(seed, steps, &mut |st| eprintln!("step {}", serde_json::to_string(st).unwrap_or_default()));
+    solidcraft_engine::note!("design {seed}");
+    let run = fuzz::run_with(seed, steps, &mut |st| solidcraft_engine::note!("step {}", serde_json::to_string(st).unwrap_or_default()));
     let mut design = json!({
         "outcome": run.outcome,
         "steps": run.steps.iter().map(|s| s.kind).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ pub fn one(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     if run.outcome.is_bug() {
         design["script"] = run.script();
         if minimise {
-            eprintln!("minimise");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("minimise");
             let m = fuzz::minimise(&run);
             design["minimal"] = json!({"outcome": m.outcome, "steps": m.steps.iter().map(|s| s.kind).collect::<Vec<_>>(), "script": m.script()});
         }
     }
     let (a, b) = solidcraft_engine::fuzz::boolean_shapes(seed);
-    eprintln!("boolean {seed} {} {}", serde_json::to_string(&a).unwrap_or_default(), serde_json::to_string(&b).unwrap_or_default());
+    solidcraft_engine::note!("boolean {seed} {} {}", serde_json::to_string(&a).unwrap_or_default(), serde_json::to_string(&b).unwrap_or_default());
     let b = boolean_case(seed);
     let bp = PANICS.swap(0, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
     println!("{}", json!({"seed": seed, "design": design, "boolean": b, "boolean_panics": bp}));
@@ -162,11 +162,14 @@ fn record(v: &Value, out_dir: Option<&str>) {
     let d = &v["design"];
     let bug = matches!(d["outcome"]["kind"].as_str(), Some("failed" | "panic" | "invalid" | "volume"));
     if bug || v.get("timeout").is_some() || v.get("crash").is_some() {
-        eprintln!("seed {seed}: {}", if bug { format!("{} {}", d["outcome"]["kind"], d["outcome"]["detail"]) } else { format!("{v}") });
+        solidcraft_engine::note!(
+            "seed {seed}: {}",
+            if bug { format!("{} {}", d["outcome"]["kind"], d["outcome"]["detail"]) } else { format!("{v}") }
+        );
     }
     let bk = v["boolean"]["outcome"].as_str().unwrap_or("ok");
     if bk != "ok" {
-        eprintln!("seed {seed}: boolean {bk} {}", v["boolean"]["detail"]);
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("seed {seed}: boolean {bk} {}", v["boolean"]["detail"]);
     }
     if let Some(dir) = out_dir {
         use std::io::Write;

apps/solidcraft-cli/src/main.rs

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
         }
     };
     if let Err(e) = max_file_size(&mut args) {
-        eprintln!("error: {e}");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("error: {e}");
         return ExitCode::FAILURE;
     }
     let r = match args.first().map(String::as_str) {
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
     match r {
         Ok(()) => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
         Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("error: {e}");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("error: {e}");
             ExitCode::FAILURE
         }
     }
@@ -318,19 +318,6 @@ fn load_checked(path: &str, check: solidcraft_engine::schema::ParamCheck) -> Res
 /// `load_checked`, the features computed under `validation` (`diagnostics.validation`), which
 /// the session keeps.
 fn load_with(path: &str, check: solidcraft_engine::schema::ParamCheck, validation: solidcraft_engine::kernel::Validation) -> Result<Session, String> {
-    let s = read_session(path, check, validation)?;
-    // A newer SolidCraft's file opens all the same; stderr says so, stdout stays the caller's.
-    for warning in s.doc.newer_file.iter().flat_map(|file| file.warnings()) {
-        eprintln!("{path}: warning: {warning}");
-    }
-    Ok(s)
-}
-
-fn read_session(
-    path: &str,
-    check: solidcraft_engine::schema::ParamCheck,
-    validation: solidcraft_engine::kernel::Validation,
-) -> Result<Session, String> {
     let mut s = Session::default();
     s.param_check = check;
     s.set_validation(validation);
@@ -364,7 +351,7 @@ fn run_script_warning(s: &mut Session, path: &str, script: &Value) -> Result<Vec
 /// Step `step`'s `param_warnings` on stderr, one per line, named after the script at `path`.
 fn print_param_warnings(path: &str, step: usize, r: &Value) {
     for w in r.get("param_warnings").and_then(Value::as_array).into_iter().flatten() {
-        eprintln!("{path}: step {}: {}", step + 1, w.as_str().unwrap_or_default());
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("{path}: step {}: {}", step + 1, w.as_str().unwrap_or_default());
     }
 }
 
@@ -592,7 +579,7 @@ fn cmd_eval(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut s = open(flag(args, "--in"), positional(args), solidcraft_engine::schema::ParamCheck::Off)?;
     let m = s.execute("inspect.measure", &json!({})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     let d = s.execute("document.inspect", &json!({})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let mut out = json!({
+    let out = json!({
         "body_count": m["body_count"],
         "bodies": m["bodies"],
         "total": m["total"],
@@ -600,10 +587,6 @@ fn cmd_eval(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
         "params": d["params"],
         "sketches": d["sketches"],
     });
-    if let Some(file) = &s.doc.newer_file {
-        out["newer_file"] = file.report();
-        out["warnings"] = json!(file.warnings());
-    }
     print_json(&out, json_out)
 }
 
@@ -615,10 +598,10 @@ fn cmd_script(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     let out = flag(args, "--out");
     let r = s.execute("timeline.export_script", &json!({"path": out})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     for what in r["omitted"].as_array().into_iter().flatten().filter_map(Value::as_str) {
-        eprintln!("note: the script leaves out {what}");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("note: the script leaves out {what}");
     }
     match out {
-        Some(out) => eprintln!("{out}: {} steps", r["steps"]),
+        Some(out) => solidcraft_engine::note!("{out}: {} steps", r["steps"]),
         None => println!("{}", pretty(&r["script"])),
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -649,7 +632,7 @@ fn cmd_gpu(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     );
     match s.lands_on {
         Some(solidcraft_gpu::select::Landing::Cpu) => {
-            eprintln!("warning: {}", solidcraft_engine::capture::CPU_WARNING);
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("warning: {}", solidcraft_engine::capture::CPU_WARNING);
             Ok(())
         }
         Some(_) => Ok(()),
@@ -726,7 +709,7 @@ fn cmd_snapshot(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
     std::fs::write(out, &png.bytes).map_err(|e| format!("{out}: {e}"))?;
     let mut reply = json!({"path": out, "width": w, "height": h, "bytes": png.bytes.len(), "renderer": png.renderer});
     if let Some(w) = solidcraft_engine::capture::warning(png.renderer) {
-        eprintln!("warning: {w}");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("warning: {w}");
         reply["warning"] = json!(w);
     }
     println!("{}", pretty(&reply));
@@ -813,7 +796,7 @@ fn cmd_mcp(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
         .then(|| solidcraft_mcp::agent_scope(flags(args, "--allow-path").into_iter().map(std::path::PathBuf::from)));
     if let Some(s) = &scope {
         let roots: Vec<String> = s.roots().iter().map(|r| r.display().to_string()).collect();
-        eprintln!(
+        solidcraft_engine::note!(
             "solidcraft mcp: files limited to {} and the folders of designs opened or saved here (--allow-path DIR adds one, --allow-any-path lifts the limit)",
             roots.join(", ")
         );
@@ -821,7 +804,7 @@ fn cmd_mcp(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
             .and_then(|p| std::path::Path::new(p).parent())
             .map(|d| if d.as_os_str().is_empty() { std::path::Path::new(".") } else { d });
         if let Some(why) = design_dir.and_then(solidcraft_engine::io::vfs::design_folder_refusal) {
-            eprintln!("solidcraft mcp: the design's folder is left out because {why}; add it with --allow-path if you mean it");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft mcp: the design's folder is left out because {why}; add it with --allow-path if you mean it");
         }
     }
     // How calls that break a command's parameter contract are treated, headless or bridged.
@@ -835,7 +818,7 @@ fn cmd_mcp(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
             // Serve without the app too: the tools connect once it runs, and say it isn't until then.
             let mut remote = solidcraft_mcp::Remote::new(addr, flag(args, "--token")).with_param_check(param_check);
             if let Err(e) = remote.try_connect() {
-                eprintln!(
+                solidcraft_engine::note!(
                     "solidcraft mcp: no SolidCraft app at {addr} yet ({e}); start it with `solidcraft --control {port}` \
                      (or SOLIDCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT={port}), tool calls connect once it runs"
                 );
@@ -852,7 +835,7 @@ fn cmd_mcp(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
         (None, None) => {
             let auto = !args.iter().any(|a| a == "--headless");
             if auto && let Some(port) = discover_app() {
-                eprintln!("solidcraft mcp: bridged to the running app at 127.0.0.1:{port} (--headless starts a session of its own)");
+                solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft mcp: bridged to the running app at 127.0.0.1:{port} (--headless starts a session of its own)");
                 let remote = solidcraft_mcp::Remote::new(&format!("127.0.0.1:{port}"), flag(args, "--token")).with_param_check(param_check);
                 return serve_mcp(Box::new(remote), scope);
             }

apps/solidcraft-cli/tests/help_output.rs

@@ -188,3 +188,26 @@ fn max_file_size_raises_the_limit_and_refuses_bad_sizes() {
     assert!(!output.status.success() && !stderr.contains("too large"), "{stderr}");
     let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
 }
+
+/// #10111: a line for a stderr whose reader has gone (the pipe closed before it, as an agent may
+/// leave the MCP server's, and the app that one starts) is dropped, and the command ends as it
+/// would with stderr open: here a script that isn't there fails with 1, where `eprintln!`
+/// panicked with "failed printing to stderr" (101).
+#[test]
+fn a_closed_stderr_does_not_stop_the_cli() {
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        let mut child = Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_solidcraft-cli"))
+            .args(["run", "no-such-script.json"])
+            .stdout(Stdio::null())
+            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+            .spawn()
+            .unwrap();
+        drop(child.stderr.take());
+        assert_eq!(child.wait().unwrap().code(), Some(1));
+    }
+    // The old name's alias writes its deprecation notice first: an agent still configured with
+    // `solvecraft-cli mcp` must get the server, not that panic.
+    let mut child = Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_solvecraft-cli")).arg("--help").stdout(Stdio::null()).stderr(Stdio::piped()).spawn().unwrap();
+    drop(child.stderr.take());
+    assert_eq!(child.wait().unwrap().code(), Some(0));
+}

apps/solidcraft-cli/tests/run_results.rs

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn cli_loads_both_design_encodings_by_contents() {
 }
 
 /// #1369: a pending concept that did not land in the numbered release must not be silently
-/// dropped on open/resave, in either encoding: it opens with a warning, and saving keeps it.
+/// dropped on open/resave, in either encoding or before replacing an existing destination.
 #[test]
 fn unknown_pending_concepts_preserve_the_open_design_and_output_files() {
     use solidcraft_engine::{Session, doc, io};
@@ -173,29 +173,34 @@ fn unknown_pending_concepts_preserve_the_open_design_and_output_files() {
             let source = dir.0.join(format!("experimental-{version}.{extension}"));
             std::fs::write(&source, &bytes).unwrap();
             let mut session = Session::default();
-            // It opens, and the reply says what it is.
-            let reply = session.execute("doc.open", &json!({"path": source})).unwrap();
-            let notice = reply["newer_file"]["notice"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
-            assert!(notice.contains("experimental-card") && notice.starts_with("Saved by a newer SolidCraft"), "{notice}");
-            assert_eq!(reply["warnings"][0], notice.as_str());
-            assert_eq!(session.doc.name, "Experimental");
+            session.execute("solid.box", &json!({"length": 2, "width": 3, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+            let original = session.doc.clone();
+            let original_path = session.path.clone();
+            let undo = session.undo.len();
+            let dirty = session.is_dirty();
+            let err = session.execute("doc.open", &json!({"path": source})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+            assert!(err.contains("experimental-card") && err.contains("update SolidCraft"), "{err}");
+            assert_eq!(session.doc, original);
+            assert_eq!(session.path, original_path);
+            assert_eq!(session.undo.len(), undo);
+            assert_eq!(session.is_dirty(), dirty);
 
             for existing in [false, true] {
                 let destination = dir.0.join(format!("output-{version}-{extension}-{existing}.{extension}"));
                 let backup = io::backup_path(&destination);
                 if existing {
                     std::fs::write(&destination, b"existing design").unwrap();
+                    std::fs::write(&backup, b"existing backup").unwrap();
                 }
                 let output = cli().args(["run", "--in"]).arg(&source).arg("--save").arg(&destination).output().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(1));
                 let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
-                assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(0), "{error}");
-                assert!(error.contains("warning: Saved by a newer SolidCraft") && error.contains("experimental-card"), "{error}");
-                // Saved, it still says it has the change, and opens the same way.
-                let saved = io::read_design(&std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap()).unwrap();
-                assert!(saved.format_pending.iter().any(|name| name == "experimental-card"));
-                assert!(saved.newer_file.is_some());
+                assert!(error.contains("experimental-card") && error.contains("update SolidCraft"), "{error}");
                 if existing {
-                    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup).unwrap(), b"existing design");
+                    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap(), b"existing design");
+                    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup).unwrap(), b"existing backup");
+                } else {
+                    assert!(!destination.exists() && !backup.exists());
                 }
                 assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&source).unwrap(), bytes);
             }
@@ -203,43 +208,6 @@ fn unknown_pending_concepts_preserve_the_open_design_and_output_files() {
     }
 }
 
-/// `eval` and `run` on a design one format newer, with a feature kind this version doesn't have:
-/// the rest builds, the reply names it, and the saved file still holds it, under the file's number.
-#[test]
-fn the_cli_opens_a_newer_design_and_saving_keeps_what_it_cant_read() {
-    use solidcraft_engine::{Session, doc, io};
-
-    let dir = Scratch::new();
-    let mut session = Session::default();
-    session.execute("solid.box", &json!({"length": 2, "width": 3, "height": 4})).unwrap();
-    let mut file: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&io::write_design(&session.doc)).unwrap();
-    let newer = doc::format::format_string(doc::format::FORMAT + 1);
-    file["format"] = json!(newer);
-    let future = json!({"id": 900, "name": "Lattice1", "type": "gyroid_lattice", "cell": 2.5});
-    file["features"].as_array_mut().unwrap().push(future.clone());
-    let source = dir.0.join("newer.json");
-    std::fs::write(&source, file.to_string()).unwrap();
-
-    let output = cli().args(["eval"]).arg(&source).output().unwrap();
-    let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
-    assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(0), "{error}");
-    assert!(error.contains("warning: Saved by a newer SolidCraft") && error.contains("Lattice1"), "{error}");
-    let reply: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(reply["body_count"], 1);
-    assert!(reply["newer_file"]["not_understood"][0].as_str().unwrap().contains("gyroid_lattice"), "{reply}");
-    assert!(reply["warnings"][0].as_str().unwrap().starts_with("Saved by a newer SolidCraft"), "{reply}");
-
-    for extension in ["json", "sc"] {
-        let destination = dir.0.join(format!("saved.{extension}"));
-        let output = cli().args(["run", "--in"]).arg(&source).arg("--save").arg(&destination).output().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(0), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr));
-        let saved = io::read_design(&std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(saved.format, newer, "never a lower number");
-        let again: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&io::write_design(&saved)).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(again["features"].as_array().unwrap().last().unwrap(), &future);
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn known_pending_concepts_and_released_files_round_trip_with_inert_metadata() {
     use solidcraft_engine::{doc, io};

apps/solidcraft-web/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ solidcraft-engine = { workspace = true }
 solidcraft-ui-egui = { workspace = true }
 egui = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
 url = "2"
 percent-encoding = "2"
 
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["default_fonts", "wgpu", "accesskit"] }
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
 wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
 js-sys = "0.3"
-serde_json = { workspace = true }
 web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
     "Window", "Document", "Element", "HtmlElement", "HtmlCanvasElement", "Location", "Navigator", "StorageManager",
     "FileSystemHandle", "FileSystemDirectoryHandle", "FileSystemFileHandle", "FileSystemGetFileOptions", "FileSystemGetDirectoryOptions", "FileSystemWritableFileStream",

apps/solidcraft-web/src/disk.rs

@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ mod web {
     /// Open a design remembered from an earlier session (a recent one, after a reload): ask once
     /// for access to the file (call in the click), read it into the engine's files and queue it
     /// to open. A file that is gone is forgotten and dropped from the recent designs.
-    pub fn restore(files: &Rc<Files>, path: &str) {
+    pub fn restore(files: &Rc<Files>, path: &str, on_opened: Option<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>) {
         let Some((id, name)) = parse(path) else { return };
         let (files, path, id, name) = (files.clone(), path.to_string(), id.to_string(), name.to_string());
         spawn_local(async move {
@@ -568,6 +568,9 @@ mod web {
                     files.opened.borrow_mut().push(path);
                     files.wake();
                     touch(&id).await;
+                    if let Some(done) = on_opened {
+                        done();
+                    }
                 }
                 Err(e) => {
                     let gone = e.contains("NotFoundError") || e.contains("could not be found") || e.contains("no longer remembers");

apps/solidcraft-web/src/files.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 //! and go out as downloads (exports, and "Download design"). Where the File System Access API
 //! exists a design also lives on the computer's disk, saved and opened through the browser's file
 //! dialogs (`disk.rs`). An autosave of unsaved work is kept in OPFS and offered again after a
-//! reload or a crash.
+//! reload or a crash. With "keep unsaved work in this browser" on, each open design's unsaved
+//! changes are kept there instead, one copy per design (`keep.rs`, #10220).
 
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use js_sys::{Array, Function, Object, Reflect, Uint8Array};
 use solidcraft_engine::io::vfs;
 
-use crate::disk;
+use crate::{disk, keep};
 use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast as _, JsValue, closure::Closure};
 use wasm_bindgen_futures::{JsFuture, spawn_local};
 use web_sys::{
@@ -79,6 +80,16 @@ pub struct Files {
     pub recovery: RefCell<Option<(String, Option<String>)>>,
     /// The app's context, to wake it when a browser call finishes.
     pub ctx: RefCell<Option<egui::Context>>,
+    /// This page's id: the copies it keeps are named after it (`keep::entry_id`).
+    pub keep_page: RefCell<String>,
+    /// Kept copies stored by this page, and the design revision each holds once its write ended.
+    pub kept: RefCell<std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<u64>>>,
+    /// Kept copies being written or removed now (one browser call at a time per copy).
+    pub keeping: RefCell<std::collections::HashSet<String>>,
+    /// When (ms) the last write of a copy failed, to wait before trying again (`keep::may_write`).
+    pub kept_failed: RefCell<std::collections::HashMap<String, f64>>,
+    /// Copies earlier pages left, newer than their design's last save: offered at start.
+    pub keep_offered: RefCell<Vec<keep::Entry>>,
 }
 
 impl Files {
@@ -288,6 +299,9 @@ pub fn start(files: &Rc<Files>) {
             let _ = JsFuture::from(p).await;
         });
     }
+    let page = keep::page_id(js_sys::Date::now(), js_sys::Math::random());
+    hold_page_lock(&page);
+    *files.keep_page.borrow_mut() = page;
     let files = files.clone();
     spawn_local(async move {
         match disk::known_ids().await {
@@ -300,6 +314,7 @@ pub fn start(files: &Rc<Files>) {
                     files.say("This page can't use the browser's file storage (it needs https or localhost): designs are kept in local storage, a few MB at most.", false);
                 }
                 let mut entries = Vec::new();
+                let kept = kept_copies(&all);
                 let has_recovery = all.iter().any(|(n, _, _)| n == RECOVERY);
                 let legacy = (!has_recovery).then(|| LEGACY_RECOVERY.into_iter().find(|l| all.iter().any(|(n, _, _)| n == l))).flatten();
                 for (name, bytes, modified) in all {
@@ -315,7 +330,7 @@ pub fn start(files: &Rc<Files>) {
                         *files.recovery.borrow_mut() = Some((n, meta["path"].as_str().map(str::to_string)));
                         continue;
                     }
-                    if name != RECOVERY {
+                    if name != RECOVERY && keep::parse_name(&name).is_none() {
                         entries.push(Entry { name: name.clone(), size: bytes.len() as u64, modified });
                     }
                     vfs::insert(&format!("{OPFS}{name}"), bytes);
@@ -326,6 +341,7 @@ pub fn start(files: &Rc<Files>) {
                 if !vfs::exists(&format!("{OPFS}{RECOVERY}")) {
                     *files.recovery.borrow_mut() = None;
                 }
+                sort_kept(&files, kept, &live_pages().await);
             }
             Err(e) => files.say(format!("browser storage: {e}"), true),
         }
@@ -343,7 +359,7 @@ pub fn flush(files: &Rc<Files>) {
                 {
                     let mut e = files.entries.borrow_mut();
                     e.retain(|x| x.name != name);
-                    if name != RECOVERY && name != RECOVERY_META {
+                    if name != RECOVERY && name != RECOVERY_META && keep::parse_name(&name).is_none() {
                         e.push(Entry { name: name.clone(), size: bytes.len() as u64, modified: js_sys::Date::now() });
                         e.sort_by_key(|a| a.name.to_lowercase());
                     }
@@ -473,7 +489,15 @@ pub fn recovery_path() -> String {
 /// A recovery file lives in OPFS, but its relative links belong to the original design's
 /// folder (which can be on disk). Resolve them before Open sees the temporary file location.
 pub fn prepare_recovery(original_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let path = recovery_path();
+    prepare_copy(recovery_path(), original_path)
+}
+
+/// The same for a kept copy (#10220).
+pub fn prepare_kept(id: &str, original_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, String> {
+    prepare_copy(format!("{OPFS}{}", keep::design_file(id)), original_path)
+}
+
+fn prepare_copy(path: String, original_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, String> {
     let bytes = vfs::read(&path, solidcraft_engine::io::MAX_DESIGN_BYTES).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     let mut doc = solidcraft_engine::io::read_design(&bytes).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     solidcraft_engine::resolve_design_links(&mut doc, original_path);
@@ -646,3 +670,149 @@ pub fn take_drops(files: &Rc<Files>, raw: &mut egui::RawInput, theme: bool) {
         });
     }
 }
+
+/// Hold this page's browser lock while it runs, so other tabs know its kept copies are in use
+/// (`keep.rs`). Browsers without the Web Locks API hold none; their copies are then offered by
+/// any later page.
+fn hold_page_lock(page: &str) {
+    let Some(locks) = web_locks() else { return };
+    let Ok(request) = Reflect::get(&locks, &"request".into()).and_then(|f| f.dyn_into::<Function>().map_err(JsValue::from)) else { return };
+    // A promise that never settles: the lock is let go only when the page goes.
+    let hold = Closure::<dyn FnMut(JsValue) -> js_sys::Promise>::new(|_lock: JsValue| js_sys::Promise::new(&mut |_, _| {}));
+    let name = format!("{}{page}", keep::LOCK_PREFIX);
+    if let Err(e) = request.call2(&locks, &name.into(), hold.as_ref().unchecked_ref()) {
+        log::info!("keep: no page lock: {}", err(e));
+    }
+    // The callback lives as long as the page.
+    hold.forget();
+}
+
+fn web_locks() -> Option<JsValue> {
+    let nav = web_sys::window()?.navigator();
+    Reflect::get(&nav, &"locks".into()).ok().filter(|l| l.is_object())
+}
+
+/// The pages still open (in this browser profile) that hold their lock.
+async fn live_pages() -> Vec<String> {
+    let query = async {
+        let locks = web_locks().ok_or("no Web Locks")?;
+        let f: Function = Reflect::get(&locks, &"query".into()).map_err(err)?.dyn_into().map_err(|_| "no query".to_string())?;
+        let p: js_sys::Promise = f.call0(&locks).map_err(err)?.dyn_into().map_err(|_| "no promise".to_string())?;
+        let state = JsFuture::from(p).await.map_err(err)?;
+        let held: Array = Reflect::get(&state, &"held".into()).map_err(err)?.dyn_into().map_err(|_| "no list".to_string())?;
+        Ok::<_, String>(
+            held.iter()
+                .take(10_000)
+                .filter_map(|l| Reflect::get(&l, &"name".into()).ok()?.as_string())
+                .filter_map(|n| n.strip_prefix(keep::LOCK_PREFIX).map(str::to_string))
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    };
+    query.await.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        log::info!("keep: open pages unknown ({e})");
+        Vec::new()
+    })
+}
+
+/// The kept copies among the stored files: (copy, when its design's file was last written), and
+/// the ids of designs stored without their metadata.
+struct Found {
+    copies: Vec<(keep::Entry, Option<f64>)>,
+    orphans: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn kept_copies(all: &[(String, Vec<u8>, f64)]) -> Found {
+    let modified = |path: &str| path.strip_prefix(OPFS).and_then(|n| all.iter().find(|(name, _, _)| name == n)).map(|(_, _, m)| *m);
+    let mut copies = Vec::new();
+    let mut designs = Vec::new();
+    for (name, bytes, _) in all {
+        match keep::parse_name(name) {
+            Some((id, keep::Part::Meta)) => {
+                if let Some(e) = keep::Entry::parse(id, bytes) {
+                    let saved = e.path.as_deref().and_then(modified);
+                    copies.push((e, saved));
+                }
+            }
+            Some((id, keep::Part::Design)) => designs.push(id.to_string()),
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+    // A copy is whole only with its design.
+    copies.retain(|(e, _)| designs.contains(&e.id));
+    let orphans = designs.into_iter().filter(|id| !copies.iter().any(|(e, _)| &e.id == id)).collect();
+    Found { copies, orphans }
+}
+
+/// Offer the copies earlier pages left that hold unsaved work, and remove those their design's
+/// later save made stale (and parts without the rest), leaving open pages' copies alone.
+fn sort_kept(files: &Rc<Files>, found: Found, live: &[String]) {
+    let mut offered = Vec::new();
+    let mut gone = Vec::new();
+    for (e, saved) in found.copies {
+        match keep::fate(&e, live, saved) {
+            keep::Fate::Offer => offered.push(e),
+            keep::Fate::Drop => gone.push(e.id),
+            keep::Fate::Leave => {}
+        }
+    }
+    gone.extend(found.orphans.into_iter().filter(|id| !keep::page_of(id).is_some_and(|p| live.iter().any(|l| l == p))));
+    keep::order_offered(&mut offered);
+    *files.keep_offered.borrow_mut() = offered;
+    for id in gone {
+        remove_kept(files, &id);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The path (in the engine's files) a kept copy opens from.
+pub fn kept_path(id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{OPFS}{}", keep::design_file(id))
+}
+
+/// Write the copy of a design with unsaved changes (`bytes`, described by `entry`) that holds
+/// its revision `revision`. Its metadata goes last, so a copy is never offered half written.
+pub fn write_kept(files: &Rc<Files>, entry: &keep::Entry, bytes: Vec<u8>, revision: u64) {
+    let id = entry.id.clone();
+    if !files.keeping.borrow_mut().insert(id.clone()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    files.kept.borrow_mut().entry(id.clone()).or_insert(None);
+    let meta = entry.to_json();
+    let files = files.clone();
+    spawn_local(async move {
+        let r = async {
+            write_file(&keep::design_file(&id), &bytes).await?;
+            write_file(&keep::meta_file(&id), meta.as_bytes()).await
+        };
+        match r.await {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                files.kept.borrow_mut().insert(id.clone(), Some(revision));
+                files.kept_failed.borrow_mut().remove(&id);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                files.kept_failed.borrow_mut().insert(id.clone(), js_sys::Date::now());
+                files.say(format!("keeping unsaved work in this browser: {e}"), true)
+            }
+        }
+        files.keeping.borrow_mut().remove(&id);
+        files.wake();
+    });
+}
+
+/// Remove kept copy `id` (its design was saved, closed, discarded or restored).
+pub fn remove_kept(files: &Rc<Files>, id: &str) {
+    let id = id.to_string();
+    if !files.keeping.borrow_mut().insert(id.clone()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let _ = vfs::remove(&kept_path(&id));
+    files.kept_failed.borrow_mut().remove(&id);
+    let files = files.clone();
+    spawn_local(async move {
+        // The metadata first: what's left without it is never offered.
+        let _ = remove_file(&keep::meta_file(&id)).await;
+        let _ = remove_file(&keep::design_file(&id)).await;
+        files.kept.borrow_mut().remove(&id);
+        files.keeping.borrow_mut().remove(&id);
+        files.wake();
+    });
+}

apps/solidcraft-web/src/keep.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+//! Keep unsaved work in this browser (#10220): the decisions, in plain Rust (tested natively).
+//!
+//! With Preferences › General › "Keep unsaved work in this browser instead of asking when the tab
+//! closes" on, each open design with unsaved changes has a copy in the browser's private storage:
+//! `keep-<id>.sc` (the design) and `keep-<id>.json` (its name, its file and when it last
+//! changed). The copy is written shortly after each change ([`due`]) and again when the page is
+//! hidden, so it is already current when the tab closes; the page then doesn't ask through the
+//! browser's "leave site?" box ([`asks_before_unload`]). A design that is saved, closed or
+//! discarded has its copy removed. The next visit offers the copies newer than their design's
+//! last save ([`fate`]) in SolidCraft's own window, answered with [`plan`].
+//!
+//! An id is `<page>-<n>`: the page that wrote it (each page load has its own) and the design's
+//! number in that page. A page holds a browser lock named after it while it runs, so another tab
+//! never offers, or removes, the copies of a page that is still open.
+#![cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), allow(dead_code))]
+
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+/// The start of every kept file's name.
+pub const PREFIX: &str = "keep-";
+/// The browser lock a page holds while it runs: this, then its page id.
+pub const LOCK_PREFIX: &str = "solidcraft.keep.";
+/// A copy is written once the design has been still this long (ms)…
+pub const QUIET_MS: f64 = 800.0;
+/// …or at the latest this long after the first change it doesn't hold yet (ms).
+pub const MAX_WAIT_MS: f64 = 4000.0;
+/// The most copies offered at once (the rest wait for the next visit).
+pub const MAX_OFFERED: usize = 32;
+const MAX_ID: usize = 64;
+const MAX_NAME: usize = 256;
+const MAX_PATH: usize = 4096;
+/// Copies' metadata is small: a damaged or hostile one is not read.
+pub const MAX_META_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+
+/// Ids are short and safe in a file name: ASCII letters, digits and dashes, with a page part.
+pub fn valid_id(id: &str) -> bool {
+    !id.is_empty() && id.len() <= MAX_ID && id.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '-') && page_of(id).is_some()
+}
+
+/// The page that wrote copy `id`.
+pub fn page_of(id: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    id.rsplit_once('-').map(|(page, _)| page).filter(|p| !p.is_empty())
+}
+
+/// This page's id, from the time it started (ms since 1970) and a random number in 0..1:
+/// letters and digits only.
+pub fn page_id(now_ms: f64, random: f64) -> String {
+    let now = if now_ms.is_finite() && now_ms > 0.0 { now_ms.min(1e15) as u64 } else { 0 };
+    let random = if random.is_finite() { (random.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * f64::from(0xff_ffff)) as u64 } else { 0 };
+    format!("{now:x}{random:06x}")
+}
+
+/// The copy of design `uid` (`Session::uid`) open in page `page`.
+pub fn entry_id(page: &str, uid: u64) -> String {
+    format!("{page}-{uid}")
+}
+
+/// The stored file names of copy `id`: its design and its metadata.
+pub fn design_file(id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{PREFIX}{id}.{}", solidcraft_engine::io::DESIGN_EXT)
+}
+pub fn meta_file(id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{PREFIX}{id}.json")
+}
+
+/// Which part of a copy a stored file is.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Part {
+    Design,
+    Meta,
+}
+
+/// A stored file's copy id and part; `None` for every other file.
+pub fn parse_name(name: &str) -> Option<(&str, Part)> {
+    let rest = name.strip_prefix(PREFIX)?;
+    let (id, part) = if let Some(id) = rest.strip_suffix(".json") {
+        (id, Part::Meta)
+    } else {
+        (rest.strip_suffix(solidcraft_engine::io::DESIGN_EXT)?.strip_suffix('.')?, Part::Design)
+    };
+    valid_id(id).then_some((id, part))
+}
+
+/// A kept copy, as its metadata describes it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Entry {
+    pub id: String,
+    /// The design's name.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Its file (`None`: never saved).
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    /// When the design last changed (ms since 1970).
+    pub changed_at: f64,
+}
+
+impl Entry {
+    pub fn to_json(&self) -> String {
+        json!({"name": self.name, "path": self.path, "changed_at": self.changed_at}).to_string()
+    }
+
+    /// Read copy `id`'s metadata. Anything malformed, oversized or not finite is no copy.
+    pub fn parse(id: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Entry> {
+        if !valid_id(id) || bytes.len() > MAX_META_BYTES {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(bytes).ok()?;
+        let name = v.get("name")?.as_str()?.chars().take(MAX_NAME).collect::<String>();
+        let path = match v.get("path") {
+            None | Some(Value::Null) => None,
+            Some(p) => Some(p.as_str().filter(|p| !p.is_empty() && p.len() <= MAX_PATH)?.to_string()),
+        };
+        let changed_at = v.get("changed_at")?.as_f64().filter(|t| t.is_finite() && *t >= 0.0)?;
+        Some(Entry { id: id.to_string(), name, path, changed_at })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a copy that last changed at `changed_at` holds work its design's file doesn't:
+/// the file was last written at `saved_at` (ms since 1970; `None` or unknown: never saved, or
+/// the time can't be read, so the copy is kept rather than lost).
+pub fn newer_than_save(changed_at: f64, saved_at: Option<f64>) -> bool {
+    match saved_at {
+        Some(saved) if saved.is_finite() && saved > 0.0 => changed_at > saved,
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the next visit does with a copy it finds.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Fate {
+    /// Offer it: "Restore unsaved design…?".
+    Offer,
+    /// Its design was saved after it: remove it without asking.
+    Drop,
+    /// Its page is still open (another tab): leave it alone.
+    Leave,
+}
+
+/// The copy `entry`, whose design's file was last written at `saved_at`, while the pages
+/// `live` are open.
+pub fn fate(entry: &Entry, live: &[String], saved_at: Option<f64>) -> Fate {
+    if page_of(&entry.id).is_some_and(|p| live.iter().any(|l| l == p)) {
+        Fate::Leave
+    } else if newer_than_save(entry.changed_at, saved_at) {
+        Fate::Offer
+    } else {
+        Fate::Drop
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copies to offer first: the most recently changed, at most [`MAX_OFFERED`].
+pub fn order_offered(entries: &mut Vec<Entry>) {
+    entries.sort_by(|a, b| b.changed_at.total_cmp(&a.changed_at).then_with(|| a.id.cmp(&b.id)));
+    entries.truncate(MAX_OFFERED);
+}
+
+/// Whether a design's copy is due to be written at `now`: the design last changed at
+/// `last_change`, and the copy has lacked a change since `first_unwritten` (all ms).
+pub fn due(now: f64, first_unwritten: f64, last_change: f64) -> bool {
+    now - last_change >= QUIET_MS || now - first_unwritten >= MAX_WAIT_MS
+}
+
+/// How long after a failed write of a design's copy it isn't tried again (ms).
+pub const RETRY_MS: f64 = 30_000.0;
+
+/// Whether a copy whose write last failed at `failed_at` (ms; `None`: it hasn't) may be written
+/// at `now`: not before [`RETRY_MS`] has passed, so a full or denied store isn't hit every tick.
+pub fn may_write(now: f64, failed_at: Option<f64>) -> bool {
+    failed_at.is_none_or(|t| !(now >= t) || now - t >= RETRY_MS)
+}
+
+/// Whether `wanted` is the design now open, given the open design's path.
+pub fn is_open(open: Option<&str>, wanted: &str) -> bool {
+    open == Some(wanted)
+}
+
+/// Whether leaving the page asks through the browser's "leave site?" box: there is unsaved work,
+/// and either the user still wants to be asked or it isn't all kept in the browser yet (with the
+/// keep preference off it never is, so there the box always stays).
+pub fn asks_before_unload(persists: bool, keep: bool, also_ask: bool, any_unsaved: bool, all_kept: bool) -> bool {
+    persists && any_unsaved && (also_ask || !(keep && all_kept))
+}
+
+/// An answer in the "Restore unsaved design?" window.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Answer {
+    /// Open the copy, with its unsaved changes, as the design it was (saving goes to its file).
+    Restore,
+    /// Open the design's file as last saved; the copy goes.
+    OpenSaved,
+    /// The copy goes.
+    Discard,
+}
+
+/// What an answer does.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Plan {
+    /// Open the copy (and, once it is open, give it back its name and file).
+    pub open_copy: bool,
+    /// Open this saved file.
+    pub open_saved: Option<String>,
+    /// Remove the copy.
+    pub drop_copy: bool,
+}
+
+/// What `answer` does to copy `entry`; `saved_exists`: its file can still be opened. `None`: the
+/// answer isn't offered for it (Open saved version of a design never saved, or gone).
+pub fn plan(answer: Answer, entry: &Entry, saved_exists: bool) -> Option<Plan> {
+    match answer {
+        Answer::Restore => Some(Plan { open_copy: true, open_saved: None, drop_copy: true }),
+        Answer::OpenSaved => {
+            let path = entry.path.clone().filter(|_| saved_exists)?;
+            Some(Plan { open_copy: false, open_saved: Some(path), drop_copy: true })
+        }
+        Answer::Discard => Some(Plan { open_copy: false, open_saved: None, drop_copy: true }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The answers the window offers for `entry`, in order.
+pub fn answers(entry: &Entry, saved_exists: bool) -> Vec<Answer> {
+    [Answer::Restore, Answer::OpenSaved, Answer::Discard].into_iter().filter(|a| plan(*a, entry, saved_exists).is_some()).collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn entry(id: &str, changed_at: f64, path: Option<&str>) -> Entry {
+        Entry { id: id.into(), name: "Bracket".into(), path: path.map(str::to_string), changed_at }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_failed_write_waits_before_the_next_try() {
+        assert!(may_write(1000.0, None));
+        assert!(!may_write(1000.0 + RETRY_MS - 1.0, Some(1000.0)));
+        assert!(may_write(1000.0 + RETRY_MS, Some(1000.0)));
+        // A clock that went back doesn't block for good.
+        assert!(may_write(10.0, Some(1000.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_design_counts_as_opened_only_at_its_own_path() {
+        assert!(is_open(Some("a.sc"), "a.sc"));
+        assert!(!is_open(Some("b.sc"), "a.sc"));
+        assert!(!is_open(None, "a.sc"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn copies_are_named_by_page_and_design_and_nothing_else_reads_as_one() {
+        let page = page_id(1_700_000_000_000.0, 0.5);
+        assert!(page.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()));
+        let id = entry_id(&page, 7);
+        assert!(valid_id(&id));
+        assert_eq!(page_of(&id), Some(page.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(parse_name(&design_file(&id)), Some((id.as_str(), Part::Design)));
+        assert_eq!(parse_name(&meta_file(&id)), Some((id.as_str(), Part::Meta)));
+        for other in ["part.sc", "recovery.sc", "recovery.json", "keep-.sc", "keep-x.sc", "keep-a/b-1.sc", "keep-a-1.step", "keep-a-1sc"] {
+            assert_eq!(parse_name(other), None, "{other}");
+        }
+        // Hostile clocks still give a usable id.
+        for (now, random) in [(f64::NAN, f64::NAN), (f64::INFINITY, -1.0), (-5.0, 9.0)] {
+            assert!(valid_id(&entry_id(&page_id(now, random), 1)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn metadata_round_trips_and_hostile_metadata_is_no_copy() {
+        let e = entry("a1-3", 1234.0, Some("/opfs/Bracket.sc"));
+        assert_eq!(Entry::parse("a1-3", e.to_json().as_bytes()), Some(e.clone()));
+        let never_saved = entry("a1-4", 99.0, None);
+        assert_eq!(Entry::parse("a1-4", never_saved.to_json().as_bytes()), Some(never_saved));
+        for bad in [
+            "",
+            "[]",
+            r#"{"name":"x","changed_at":"soon"}"#,
+            r#"{"name":"x","changed_at":-1}"#,
+            r#"{"name":"x","changed_at":1e999}"#,
+            r#"{"name":"x","path":7,"changed_at":1}"#,
+            r#"{"name":"x","path":"","changed_at":1}"#,
+            r#"{"changed_at":1}"#,
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(Entry::parse("a1-3", bad.as_bytes()), None, "{bad}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(Entry::parse("../x", e.to_json().as_bytes()), None);
+        assert_eq!(Entry::parse("a1-3", &vec![b' '; MAX_META_BYTES + 1]), None);
+        let long = json!({"name": "n".repeat(10_000), "changed_at": 1}).to_string();
+        assert_eq!(Entry::parse("a1-3", long.as_bytes()).map(|e| e.name.len()), Some(MAX_NAME));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_copy_newer_than_the_last_save_is_offered_an_older_one_dropped_an_open_pages_left() {
+        let e = entry("p1-1", 2000.0, Some("/opfs/Bracket.sc"));
+        // Changed after the file was last written: offered.
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &[], Some(1000.0)), Fate::Offer);
+        // Saved since (in this tab or another): nothing to offer.
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &[], Some(2000.0)), Fate::Drop);
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &[], Some(3000.0)), Fate::Drop);
+        // Never saved, or the save time can't be read: kept rather than lost.
+        for saved in [None, Some(0.0), Some(f64::NAN), Some(f64::INFINITY), Some(-4.0)] {
+            assert_eq!(fate(&e, &[], saved), Fate::Offer, "{saved:?}");
+        }
+        // Its page is still open in another tab: neither offered nor removed.
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &["p1".into()], Some(1000.0)), Fate::Leave);
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &["p1".into()], Some(3000.0)), Fate::Leave);
+        assert_eq!(fate(&e, &["p2".into()], Some(1000.0)), Fate::Offer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_newest_copies_are_offered_first_and_at_most_a_windowful() {
+        let mut list: Vec<Entry> = (0..40).map(|i| entry(&format!("p-{i}"), f64::from(i), None)).collect();
+        order_offered(&mut list);
+        assert_eq!(list.len(), MAX_OFFERED);
+        assert_eq!(list.first().map(|e| e.id.as_str()), Some("p-39"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_copy_is_written_once_the_design_is_still_or_after_the_longest_wait() {
+        // Still changing, not waited long: not yet.
+        assert!(!due(1000.0, 900.0, 900.0));
+        // Still for QUIET_MS: due.
+        assert!(due(900.0 + QUIET_MS, 900.0, 900.0));
+        // Changing all the time: due after MAX_WAIT_MS anyway.
+        assert!(!due(5000.0, 2000.0, 4900.0));
+        assert!(due(2000.0 + MAX_WAIT_MS, 2000.0, 2000.0 + MAX_WAIT_MS - 1.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_browser_asks_before_unload_unless_told_not_to_and_every_copy_is_current() {
+        // Keeping off: exactly as before, unsaved work asks, whatever the second option says.
+        assert!(asks_before_unload(true, false, true, true, true));
+        assert!(asks_before_unload(true, false, true, true, false));
+        assert!(asks_before_unload(true, false, false, true, true));
+        // Keeping on, asking on (the default): both, the box and the copy.
+        assert!(asks_before_unload(true, true, true, true, true));
+        // Keeping on, asking off, every unsaved design kept: no browser box.
+        assert!(!asks_before_unload(true, true, false, true, true));
+        // Keeping on, asking off, a copy still being written (or failed): the browser still asks.
+        assert!(asks_before_unload(true, true, false, true, false));
+        // Nothing unsaved, or an embedded page that keeps nothing: never.
+        assert!(!asks_before_unload(true, true, true, false, false));
+        assert!(!asks_before_unload(true, false, true, false, false));
+        assert!(!asks_before_unload(false, false, true, true, false));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn restore_open_saved_and_discard_each_do_one_thing_and_always_remove_the_copy() {
+        let saved = entry("p-1", 5.0, Some("/opfs/Bracket.sc"));
+        assert_eq!(plan(Answer::Restore, &saved, true), Some(Plan { open_copy: true, open_saved: None, drop_copy: true }));
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan(Answer::OpenSaved, &saved, true),
+            Some(Plan { open_copy: false, open_saved: Some("/opfs/Bracket.sc".into()), drop_copy: true })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(plan(Answer::Discard, &saved, true), Some(Plan { open_copy: false, open_saved: None, drop_copy: true }));
+        assert_eq!(answers(&saved, true), [Answer::Restore, Answer::OpenSaved, Answer::Discard]);
+        // A design never saved, or whose file is gone, has no saved version to open.
+        let never = entry("p-2", 5.0, None);
+        assert_eq!(plan(Answer::OpenSaved, &never, true), None);
+        assert_eq!(plan(Answer::OpenSaved, &saved, false), None);
+        assert_eq!(answers(&never, false), [Answer::Restore, Answer::Discard]);
+    }
+}

apps/solidcraft-web/src/main.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 //! Runs the same [`solidcraft_ui_egui::SolveApp`] as the desktop app through eframe's web runner
 //! (wgpu: WebGPU where available, WebGL2 otherwise). Build with `trunk build --release` from this
 //! directory (output in `dist/web`). URL flags: `?webgl` forces WebGL2 (remembered until
-//! `?webgpu`), `?sample` opens the sample part.
+//! `?webgpu`), `?sample` opens the sample part, `?embed=editor` runs it as an editing embed in a
+//! host page (no application bar or start page; nothing kept in the browser; #8517).
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ mod easyprint;
 mod files;
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
 mod install;
+#[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
+mod keep;
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
 mod linked;
 #[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
@@ -42,6 +45,8 @@ fn query_flag(query: &str, name: &str) -> bool {
 struct Launch {
     open: Option<String>,
     embed: bool,
+    /// `?embed=editor` (#8517): an editing embed in a host page that keeps the files itself.
+    editor: bool,
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
@@ -52,16 +57,19 @@ impl Launch {
         for (key, value) in url::form_urlencoded::parse(query.trim_start_matches('?').as_bytes()) {
             match key.as_ref() {
                 "open" if launch.open.is_none() => launch.open = Some(value.into_owned()),
+                "embed" if value == "editor" => launch.editor = true,
                 "embed" => embed = true,
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
-        launch.embed = embed && launch.open.is_some();
+        launch.embed = embed && launch.open.is_some() && !launch.editor;
         launch
     }
 
+    /// The browser's own storage (designs, autosave, recovery, preferences) is used: not when
+    /// embedded, where the host keeps what is kept.
     fn persists(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.embed
+        !self.embed && !self.editor
     }
 
     fn full_app_url(&self, mut url: url::Url) -> String {
@@ -178,6 +186,7 @@ mod web {
     use crate::api::Api;
     use crate::disk::{self, SaveTarget};
     use crate::files::{self, Files, Intent};
+    use crate::keep;
     use crate::space_mouse::SpaceMouse;
 
     const CANVAS_ID: &str = "solidcraft_canvas";
@@ -237,7 +246,9 @@ mod web {
     }
 
     /// The browser's "leave site? changes you made may not be saved" prompt while a design has
-    /// unsaved changes (the page can't show its own dialog when it is being closed).
+    /// unsaved changes (the page can't show its own dialog when it is being closed). With "keep
+    /// unsaved work in this browser" on and "still ask" off, there is nothing to ask once every
+    /// unsaved design's copy is current (`keep::asks_before_unload`, #10220).
     fn ask_before_unload(window: &web_sys::Window) {
         let on_unload = wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::BeforeUnloadEvent)>::new(|e: web_sys::BeforeUnloadEvent| {
             if UNSAVED.with(std::cell::Cell::get) {
@@ -250,6 +261,50 @@ mod web {
         on_unload.forget();
     }
 
+    /// With "keep unsaved work in this browser" on, the page brings every unsaved design's copy up
+    /// to date when it is hidden or goes (`pagehide`, `visibilitychange`): the browser may not
+    /// wait for that write, so the copies are written shortly after each change as well
+    /// (`Shell::keep_tick`, #10220).
+    fn keep_when_hidden(window: &web_sys::Window, runner: &eframe::WebRunner) {
+        let keep_now = {
+            let runner = runner.clone();
+            move || {
+                if let Some(mut shell) = runner.app_mut::<Shell>() {
+                    shell.keep_tick(None, true);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let on_hide = {
+            let keep_now = keep_now.clone();
+            wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::Event)>::new(move |_: web_sys::Event| keep_now())
+        };
+        let on_visibility = wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::Event)>::new(move |_: web_sys::Event| {
+            let hidden = web_sys::window()
+                .and_then(|w| w.document())
+                .and_then(|d| js_sys::Reflect::get(&d, &"visibilityState".into()).ok())
+                .and_then(|v| v.as_string())
+                .is_some_and(|v| v == "hidden");
+            if hidden {
+                keep_now();
+            }
+        });
+        let _ = window.add_event_listener_with_callback("pagehide", on_hide.as_ref().unchecked_ref());
+        if let Some(document) = window.document() {
+            let _ = document.add_event_listener_with_callback("visibilitychange", on_visibility.as_ref().unchecked_ref());
+        }
+        // The listeners live as long as the page.
+        on_hide.forget();
+        on_visibility.forget();
+    }
+
+    /// One open design followed for its kept copy: its revision, when that last changed, and since
+    /// when its copy has lacked a change (`None`: current, or being written).
+    struct Track {
+        revision: u64,
+        last_change: f64,
+        first_unwritten: Option<f64>,
+    }
+
     /// eframe cancels the browser's action for every Tab it gets, so the browser couldn't switch
     /// tabs while the app has the keyboard. Its tab-switching keys stop here, on the way down to
     /// the canvas, before eframe sees them; the browser then acts on them as usual.
@@ -322,6 +377,10 @@ mod web {
         /// The settings this tab wrote or loaded last, and those another tab wrote since (#8644).
         prefs_writer: crate::PrefsWriter,
         other_tab_prefs: PrefsInbox,
+        /// The open designs followed for their kept copy, by `Session::uid` (#10220).
+        keep_track: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Track>,
+        /// Every unsaved design's kept copy is current (and the preference is on).
+        all_kept: bool,
     }
 
     impl Shell {
@@ -436,8 +495,14 @@ mod web {
                 self.sync_recents();
             }
             let now = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
+            // With "keep unsaved work in this browser" on, each design's own copy takes over from
+            // the single autosave (#10220).
+            if self.app.preferences.keep_unsaved_in_browser && self.autosaved.is_some() {
+                files::autosave(&self.files, None);
+                self.autosaved = None;
+            }
             // Unsaved work is kept (at most every AUTOSAVE_S); saved work needs no autosave.
-            if self.files.ready.get() && self.files.recovery.borrow().is_none() {
+            if self.files.ready.get() && self.files.recovery.borrow().is_none() && !self.app.preferences.keep_unsaved_in_browser {
                 let s = &self.app.session;
                 let changed = s.is_dirty() && self.autosaved != Some(s.revision);
                 let wait = AUTOSAVE_S - (now - self.autosaved_at);
@@ -456,6 +521,175 @@ mod web {
             if !self.files.ready.get() || !self.files.incoming.borrow().is_empty() {
                 ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
             }
+            self.all_kept = self.keep_tick(Some(ctx), false);
+        }
+
+        /// Keep each open design's unsaved changes in the browser, when the preference asks for
+        /// it: a design's copy is written once it has been still a moment (`keep::due`), or at
+        /// once with `now` (the page is being hidden); a copy whose design is saved or closed, or
+        /// with the preference off, goes. Answers whether every unsaved design's copy is current.
+        fn keep_tick(&mut self, ctx: Option<&egui::Context>, now: bool) -> bool {
+            if !self.launch.persists() || !self.files.ready.get() {
+                return false;
+            }
+            let Shell { app, files, keep_track, .. } = self;
+            let on = app.preferences.keep_unsaved_in_browser;
+            let time = js_sys::Date::now();
+            let page = files.keep_page.borrow().clone();
+            let mut wanted = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+            let mut all_kept = true;
+            let mut wake: Option<f64> = None;
+            let mut error = None;
+            let mut soon = |ms: f64| wake = Some(wake.map_or(ms, |w: f64| w.min(ms)));
+            if on {
+                for s in solidcraft_ui_egui::documents::open_sessions(app).into_iter().filter(|s| s.is_dirty()) {
+                    let id = keep::entry_id(&page, s.uid);
+                    wanted.insert(s.uid);
+                    let t = keep_track.entry(s.uid).or_insert(Track { revision: s.revision, last_change: time, first_unwritten: None });
+                    if t.revision != s.revision {
+                        t.revision = s.revision;
+                        t.last_change = time;
+                    }
+                    if files.kept.borrow().get(&id).copied().flatten() == Some(s.revision) {
+                        t.first_unwritten = None;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    all_kept = false;
+                    if files.keeping.borrow().contains(&id) {
+                        soon(100.0);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let first = *t.first_unwritten.get_or_insert(time);
+                    let failed = files.kept_failed.borrow().get(&id).copied();
+                    if !keep::may_write(time, failed) {
+                        // The last write failed: try again after a while.
+                        soon(keep::RETRY_MS);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if now || keep::due(time, first, t.last_change) {
+                        match solidcraft_engine::io::write_design_container(&s.design()) {
+                            Ok(bytes) => {
+                                let entry = keep::Entry { id, name: s.doc.name.clone(), path: s.path.clone(), changed_at: t.last_change };
+                                files::write_kept(files, &entry, bytes, s.revision);
+                                t.first_unwritten = None;
+                            }
+                            Err(e) => {
+                                files.kept_failed.borrow_mut().insert(id, time);
+                                error = Some(format!("keeping unsaved work in this browser: {e}"));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        soon(100.0);
+                    } else {
+                        soon((keep::QUIET_MS - (time - t.last_change)).min(keep::MAX_WAIT_MS - (time - first)).max(16.0));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // This page's copies no design needs any more: saved, closed, or the preference off.
+            let stale: Vec<String> = files
+                .kept
+                .borrow()
+                .keys()
+                .filter(|id| keep::page_of(id) == Some(page.as_str()))
+                .filter(|id| !wanted.iter().any(|uid| keep::entry_id(&page, *uid) == **id))
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+            for id in stale {
+                files::remove_kept(files, &id);
+                soon(100.0);
+            }
+            keep_track.retain(|uid, _| wanted.contains(uid));
+            if let Some(e) = error {
+                app.set_status(e, true);
+            }
+            if let (Some(ctx), Some(ms)) = (ctx, wake) {
+                ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(ms / 1000.0));
+            }
+            on && all_kept
+        }
+
+        /// Offer the copies an earlier visit kept (#10220): "Restore unsaved design: <name>,
+        /// changed <time>?", one window for all of them, each with Restore, Open saved version
+        /// (when it has a file) and Discard.
+        fn keep_prompt(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+            let offered = self.files.keep_offered.borrow().clone();
+            if offered.is_empty() || !self.files.ready.get() {
+                return;
+            }
+            let now = (js_sys::Date::now() / 1000.0) as u64;
+            let rows: Vec<_> = offered
+                .iter()
+                .map(|e| solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::BrowserCopy {
+                    name: &e.name,
+                    when: solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::ago_between(now, (e.changed_at / 1000.0) as u64),
+                    open_saved: keep::answers(e, self.saved_exists(e)).contains(&keep::Answer::OpenSaved),
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let act = solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::browser_copies_window(ctx, &self.app.preferences.language, &rows);
+            let Some((index, answer)) = act else { return };
+            let Some(entry) = offered.get(index) else { return };
+            let answer = match answer {
+                solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::CopyAnswer::Restore => keep::Answer::Restore,
+                solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::CopyAnswer::OpenSaved => keep::Answer::OpenSaved,
+                solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::CopyAnswer::Discard => keep::Answer::Discard,
+            };
+            self.keep_answer(entry, answer);
+        }
+
+        /// Whether a kept copy's design file can still be opened: in the browser's storage, or a
+        /// file on the computer this browser remembers.
+        fn saved_exists(&self, e: &keep::Entry) -> bool {
+            e.path.as_deref().is_some_and(|p| vfs::exists(p) || disk::parse(p).is_some_and(|(id, _)| self.files.disk_known.borrow().contains(id)))
+        }
+
+        /// Act on an answer in the "Restore unsaved design?" window (`keep::plan`).
+        fn keep_answer(&mut self, entry: &keep::Entry, answer: keep::Answer) {
+            let Some(plan) = keep::plan(answer, entry, self.saved_exists(entry)) else { return };
+            if plan.open_copy {
+                let copy = match files::prepare_kept(&entry.id, entry.path.as_deref()) {
+                    Ok(copy) => copy,
+                    Err(error) => {
+                        self.app.set_status(error, true);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+                self.app.open_path(&copy);
+                if self.app.session.path.as_deref() != Some(copy.as_str()) {
+                    // Not opened (the status says why): it stays offered.
+                    return;
+                }
+                // It is its own design again (saving goes to its file), with its changes unsaved.
+                self.app.session.path = entry.path.clone();
+                self.app.session.doc_mut().name = entry.name.clone();
+                self.app.session.mark_unsaved();
+                self.app.home.open = false;
+            }
+            if let Some(path) = &plan.open_saved {
+                if vfs::exists(path) {
+                    self.app.open_path(path);
+                    if !keep::is_open(self.app.session.path.as_deref(), path) {
+                        // Not opened (the status says why): the copy stays offered.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // A file on the computer: the browser asks for access again, in this click.
+                    // The copy goes once the file has opened, not before: if access is refused,
+                    // the picker is dismissed or the file is gone, it stays offered.
+                    let (files, id) = (self.files.clone(), entry.id.clone());
+                    disk::restore(
+                        &self.files,
+                        path,
+                        Some(Box::new(move || {
+                            files.keep_offered.borrow_mut().retain(|e| e.id != id);
+                            files::remove_kept(&files, &id);
+                        })),
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            if plan.drop_copy {
+                self.files.keep_offered.borrow_mut().retain(|e| e.id != entry.id);
+                files::remove_kept(&self.files, &entry.id);
+            }
         }
 
         /// The start page's recent designs are the stored ones: the remembered order first (those
@@ -692,6 +926,13 @@ mod web {
             files::autosave(&self.files, None);
         }
 
+        /// Whether leaving the page asks through the browser's own box (`keep::asks_before_unload`).
+        fn asks_before_unload(&self) -> bool {
+            let any = solidcraft_ui_egui::documents::any_dirty(&self.app);
+            let prefs = &self.app.preferences;
+            keep::asks_before_unload(self.launch.persists(), prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser, prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks, any, self.all_kept)
+        }
+
         /// Whether the shell already has the on-demand face the live language needs.
         fn script_font_ready(&self) -> bool {
             match solidcraft_ui_egui::fonts::web_script_font_kind(solidcraft_ui_egui::i18n::effective_language(&self.app.preferences.language)) {
@@ -803,7 +1044,7 @@ mod web {
             self.api.poll();
             self.space_mouse.logic(&mut self.app, ctx);
             self.files_tick(ctx);
-            UNSAVED.with(|u| u.set(solidcraft_ui_egui::documents::any_dirty(&self.app)));
+            UNSAVED.with(|u| u.set(self.asks_before_unload()));
             DESIGN_SHOWN.with(|d| d.set(solidcraft_ui_egui::toolbar::design_shown(&self.app)));
         }
         fn raw_input_hook(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, raw: &mut egui::RawInput) {
@@ -823,7 +1064,7 @@ mod web {
         }
         fn ui(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, _frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
             self.linked.tick(&mut self.app, ui.ctx());
-            UNSAVED.with(|u| u.set(self.launch.persists() && solidcraft_ui_egui::documents::any_dirty(&self.app)));
+            UNSAVED.with(|u| u.set(self.asks_before_unload()));
             if self.launch.embed {
                 ui_kit::Container::new(ui.ctx(), ui_kit::Surface::Chrome).edge("embed_header", ui_kit::Edge::Top).show(ui, |ui| {
                     if ui_kit::button(ui, solidcraft_ui_egui::i18n::tr("web.open_full"), ui_kit::Button::Normal).clicked()
@@ -838,10 +1079,15 @@ mod web {
             if self.launch.persists() {
                 self.file_panel(&ctx);
                 self.recovery_prompt(&ctx);
+                self.keep_prompt(&ctx);
             }
             self.watch_text_for_font(&ctx);
             self.store_prefs(&ctx);
         }
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn std::any::Any> {
+            Some(&mut *self)
+        }
         fn persist_egui_memory(&self) -> bool {
             // eframe keeps this under one fixed key: only stable uses it, so a pre-release never rewrites it.
             self.launch.persists() && crate::channel::current().is_empty()
@@ -916,7 +1162,8 @@ mod web {
             {
                 create.instance_descriptor.backends = eframe::wgpu::Backends::GL;
             }
-            let result = eframe::WebRunner::new()
+            let runner = eframe::WebRunner::new();
+            let result = runner
                 .start(
                     canvas,
                     options,
@@ -928,7 +1175,7 @@ mod web {
                         }
                         let (panel, opener, saver, shown) = (files.clone(), files.clone(), files.clone(), files.clone());
                         let (restorable, restorer) = (files.clone(), files.clone());
-                        let services = if launch.embed { Services::default() } else { Services {
+                        let services = if !launch.persists() { Services::default() } else { Services {
                             // Open shows the browser's open dialog for a design where it has one
                             // (the file keeps its handle, so Save writes back to it), else the
                             // browser's files window. A command that reads another kind of file
@@ -960,7 +1207,7 @@ mod web {
                             can_restore: Some(Box::new(move |path: &str| {
                                 disk::parse(path).is_some_and(|(id, _)| restorable.disk_known.borrow().contains(id))
                             })),
-                            restore_file: Some(Box::new(move |path: &str| disk::restore(&restorer, path))),
+                            restore_file: Some(Box::new(move |path: &str| disk::restore(&restorer, path, None))),
                             download_design: Some(Box::new(files::download)),
                             easyprint_upload: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(crate::easyprint::upload)),
                             browser_files: Some(Box::new(move || shown.panel.set(true))),
@@ -972,6 +1219,7 @@ mod web {
                         let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
                         let mut app = SolveApp::new(Session::default(), services).with_control(receiver);
                         app.embedded = launch.embed;
+                        app.embed_editor = launch.editor;
                         // Listening before reading: settings another tab writes from now on are
                         // newer than those read here.
                         let other_tab_prefs = PrefsInbox::default();
@@ -1026,10 +1274,18 @@ mod web {
                             wheel_gestures: solidcraft_ui_egui::WebWheelGestures::default(),
                             prefs_writer: crate::PrefsWriter::default(),
                             other_tab_prefs,
+                            keep_track: Default::default(),
+                            all_kept: false,
                         }))
                     }),
                 )
                 .await;
+            if result.is_ok()
+                && crate::Launch::parse(&query()).persists()
+                && let Some(window) = web_sys::window()
+            {
+                keep_when_hidden(&window, &runner);
+            }
             if let Some(el) = document.get_element_by_id(LOADING_ID) {
                 match result {
                     Ok(()) => dismiss_loading(el),
@@ -1082,6 +1338,17 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(full.fragment().is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn embed_editor_needs_no_design_link_and_keeps_nothing_in_the_browser() {
+        let editor = Launch::parse("?embed=editor");
+        assert!(editor.editor && !editor.embed && !editor.persists());
+        let linked = Launch::parse("?embed=editor&open=https://example.org/a.sc");
+        assert!(linked.editor && !linked.embed, "an editing embed may open a linked design, still editable");
+        let viewer = Launch::parse("?embed=viewer&open=https://example.org/a.sc");
+        assert!(viewer.embed && !viewer.editor, "any other value is the viewer embed, as before");
+        assert!(!Launch::parse("?other=editor").editor);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn design_links_refuse_hostile_schemes_credentials_and_sizes() {
         assert!(design_url("https://example.org/arm.solidcraft?download=1", "http://solidcraft.io").is_ok());

apps/solidcraft/src/control_server.rs

@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ pub fn start(listen_on: control_auth::Listen, ctx: egui::Context) -> Receiver<Co
                 Ok(l) => {
                     if let Some(port) = listen_on_listener(l, token.clone(), tx, ctx, false) {
                         if matches!(listen_on, control_auth::Listen::Default) {
-                            eprintln!("solidcraft: control channel on the default port 127.0.0.1:{port} (Preferences > Assistant turns it off)");
+                            solidcraft_engine::note!(
+                                "solidcraft: control channel on the default port 127.0.0.1:{port} (Preferences > Assistant turns it off)"
+                            );
                         }
                         // The discovery file: where `solidcraft-cli mcp` finds this app with no arguments.
                         match control_auth::write_current_port(port) {
@@ -77,14 +79,14 @@ pub fn start(listen_on: control_auth::Listen, ctx: egui::Context) -> Receiver<Co
                                     *p = Some((port, token));
                                 }
                             }
-                            Err(e) => eprintln!("solidcraft: could not write the control discovery file ({e})"),
+                            Err(e) => solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: could not write the control discovery file ({e})"),
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                Err(e) => eprintln!("solidcraft: control server failed to bind 127.0.0.1: {e}"),
+                Err(e) => solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: control server failed to bind 127.0.0.1: {e}"),
             }
         }
-        None => eprintln!("solidcraft: control server not started: no random token available"),
+        None => solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: control server not started: no random token available"),
     }
     rx
 }
@@ -95,13 +97,13 @@ pub fn start(listen_on: control_auth::Listen, ctx: egui::Context) -> Receiver<Co
 /// requests go to `tx`, where the chat's gate reads them; one may wait long for the user's Allow.
 pub fn listen_agent(tx: Sender<ControlRequest>, ctx: egui::Context) -> Option<u16> {
     let Some(token) = new_token() else {
-        eprintln!("solidcraft: agent chat endpoint not started: no random token available");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: agent chat endpoint not started: no random token available");
         return None;
     };
     let listener = match TcpListener::bind(("127.0.0.1", 0)) {
         Ok(l) => l,
         Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("solidcraft: control server failed to bind 127.0.0.1: {e}");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: control server failed to bind 127.0.0.1: {e}");
             return None;
         }
     };
@@ -115,19 +117,21 @@ fn listen_on_listener(listener: TcpListener, token: String, tx: Sender<ControlRe
     match control_auth::token_path(port) {
         Some(path) => match control_auth::write_token_file(&path, &token) {
             Ok(()) => {
-                eprintln!("solidcraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port} (token in {})", path.display());
+                solidcraft_engine::note!("solidcraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port} (token in {})", path.display());
                 if let Ok(mut files) = TOKEN_FILES.lock() {
                     files.push((path, token.clone()));
                 }
             }
-            Err(e) => eprintln!(
+            Err(e) => solidcraft_engine::note!(
                 "solidcraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port}, but its token file {} could not be written ({e}); \
                  clients need SOLIDCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN",
                 path.display()
             ),
         },
         None => {
-            eprintln!("solidcraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port}; no data folder for its token, clients need SOLIDCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN")
+            solidcraft_engine::note!(
+                "solidcraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port}; no data folder for its token, clients need SOLIDCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN"
+            )
         }
     }
     let token = std::sync::Arc::new(token);

apps/solidcraft/src/device_lost.rs

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn restart(software: bool, lost_at: u64, reason: &str) {
 pub fn end() -> ! {
     let watchdog = std::thread::Builder::new().name("solidcraft-exit".into()).spawn(|| {
         std::thread::sleep(END_GRACE);
-        eprintln!("SolidCraft graphics: still closing after the device was lost; aborting");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft graphics: still closing after the device was lost; aborting");
         std::process::abort();
     });
     if let Err(e) = watchdog {

apps/solidcraft/src/main.rs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn mark(step: &str) {
     static START: std::sync::OnceLock<(std::time::Instant, bool)> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
     let (start, on) = START.get_or_init(|| (std::time::Instant::now(), solidcraft_engine::geom::env::var_os("PROFILE_STARTUP").is_some()));
     if *on {
-        eprintln!("startup {:>6.0} ms  {step}", start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("startup {:>6.0} ms  {step}", start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
     }
 }
 
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ impl eframe::App for App {
             log::warn!("a picture was still being drawn as the app closed");
         }
         solidcraft_ui_egui::recovery_ui::close(&mut self.solve);
+        // A GPU path tracer setup still running did not stop the app (#9236).
+        solidcraft_ui_egui::render_workspace::close(&mut self.solve);
         solidcraft_ui_egui::open_elsewhere::close(&mut self.solve);
         // Before a restart (`Drop for App`) starts the next instance, which would otherwise get
         // nothing from the 3D mouse driver (`solidcraft_3dx_client::stop`).
@@ -366,7 +368,7 @@ impl App {
         let Some(gpu) = self.gpu.as_mut().filter(|g| g.lost_at.is_none() && g.lost.is_lost()) else { return };
         let reason = gpu.lost.reason().unwrap_or_default();
         log::error!("graphics: the device was lost ({reason}); closing to start again");
-        eprintln!("SolidCraft graphics: the device was lost ({reason}); starting again");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft graphics: the device was lost ({reason}); starting again");
         solidcraft_engine::crash::phase(&format!("graphics device lost: {reason}"));
         gpu.lost_at = Some(device_lost::now_secs());
         gpu.reason = reason;
@@ -991,7 +993,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
     if let Some(value) = max_file_size {
         let applied = startup::max_file_size(value.as_deref()).and_then(|bytes| solidcraft_engine::io::limits::set_override(Some(bytes)));
         if let Err(error) = applied {
-            eprintln!("SolidCraft: {error}");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft: {error}");
             return Err(eframe::Error::AppCreation(std::io::Error::other(error).into()));
         }
     }
@@ -1023,7 +1025,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
     let fallback_note = std::env::var(startup::FALLBACK_NOTE_ENV).ok().map(|s| s.chars().take(4096).collect::<String>());
     if let Some(note) = &fallback_note {
         log::warn!("{note}");
-        eprintln!("SolidCraft: {note}");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft: {note}");
         notes.push(note.clone());
     }
     let saved_samples = if safe_mode { None } else { msaa() };
@@ -1136,13 +1138,13 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
                 // Windows: the taskbar button shows the mark even when slow first frames keep the
                 // taskbar waiting for the window's icon.
                 if !native_frame::set_class_icon(cc) {
-                    eprintln!("SolidCraft window: no class icon; the taskbar may show a generic one");
+                    solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft window: no class icon; the taskbar may show a generic one");
                 }
                 // The OS hit test offers the resize border, at the window's DPI, from the first
                 // message (#1381).
                 app.native_resize_border = custom_titlebar && native_frame::install(cc);
                 if custom_titlebar && !app.native_resize_border {
-                    eprintln!("SolidCraft window: no native resize border; egui edge zones instead");
+                    solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft window: no native resize border; egui edge zones instead");
                 }
             }
             app.integrated_titlebar = cfg!(target_os = "macos");
@@ -1173,9 +1175,10 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
                     .collect();
                 let info = rs.adapter.get_info();
                 if !app.preferences.graphics_adapter.is_empty() && !info.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(app.preferences.graphics_adapter.as_str()) {
-                    eprintln!(
+                    solidcraft_engine::note!(
                         "SolidCraft graphics: preferred adapter {:?} was not used; using {:?} instead",
-                        app.preferences.graphics_adapter, info.name
+                        app.preferences.graphics_adapter,
+                        info.name
                     );
                 }
                 let samples = scene_msaa_request(saved_samples);
@@ -1183,7 +1186,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
                     eframe::egui_wgpu::supported_msaa_samples(&rs.adapter, &rs.device, rs.target_format, depth)
                 });
                 let scene_samples = scene_samples(info.backend, u32::from(samples), &supported);
-                eprintln!("SolidCraft graphics: {:?}, MSAA {scene_samples}x (requested {}x)", rs.adapter.get_info().backend, samples);
+                solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft graphics: {:?}, MSAA {scene_samples}x (requested {}x)", rs.adapter.get_info().backend, samples);
                 solidcraft_engine::crash::phase("viewport pipelines (shader compile)");
                 let scene_samples = app.set_wgpu_split(rs, depth_bits, STENCIL_BITS, scene_samples);
                 app.msaa_supported = supported;
@@ -1344,7 +1347,7 @@ fn wgpu_options(cpu: bool, preference: Option<&str>) -> eframe::egui_wgpu::WgpuC
         let retry = std::env::var(startup::RETRY_BACKEND_ENV).ok();
         let preference = if cpu { preference } else { retry.as_deref().or(preference) };
         if let Some(backends) = startup::choose_backends(cfg!(target_os = "windows"), env_set, cpu, preference, startup::has_hardware_adapter) {
-            eprintln!("SolidCraft graphics: starting {backends:?}");
+            solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft graphics: starting {backends:?}");
             setup.instance_descriptor.backends = backends;
         }
         let intel_mac = cfg!(all(target_os = "macos", target_arch = "x86_64"));
@@ -1370,7 +1373,7 @@ fn wgpu_options(cpu: bool, preference: Option<&str>) -> eframe::egui_wgpu::WgpuC
 /// event loop or a failed device; each retry advances through the APIs, then software once.
 fn no_window(error: eframe::Error, tried_cpu: bool, failed: eframe::wgpu::Backends, settings: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> eframe::Result {
     log::error!("the window could not open: {error}");
-    eprintln!("SolidCraft: the window could not open: {error}");
+    solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft: the window could not open: {error}");
     // This failure was handled, so neither the marker nor the journal should call it a crash.
     if let Some(dir) = settings {
         startup::started(dir);
@@ -1383,7 +1386,7 @@ fn no_window(error: eframe::Error, tried_cpu: bool, failed: eframe::wgpu::Backen
         let previous = std::env::var(startup::FALLBACK_NOTE_ENV).unwrap_or_default();
         let note = startup::fallback_note(&previous, failed, next, &error.to_string());
         log::warn!("{note}");
-        eprintln!("SolidCraft: {note}");
+        solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft: {note}");
         let mut command = std::process::Command::new(exe);
         command.args(std::env::args_os().skip(1)).env(startup::FALLBACK_NOTE_ENV, note);
         if next == "cpu" {

apps/solidcraft/src/space_mouse/spacenavd.rs

@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ fn connect_to(path: &Path) -> Option<UnixStream> {
 
 /// The axes of one record, or `None` for a record that is not motion.
 ///
-/// The daemon's frame is right-handed with x to the right, y away from the user and z up; ours is
-/// the device's raw one, x right, y towards the user and z down, so y and z (and the rotations
-/// about them) change sign. With nothing set in `spnavcfg` the two give the same motion; what
-/// the user swaps or inverts there then carries over.
+/// The daemon reports x to the right, y up and z away from the user; our raw HID frame is x
+/// right, y towards the user and z down. Swap and negate y/z and ry/rz to match that frame.
+/// With nothing set in `spnavcfg` the two readers give the same motion; what the user swaps
+/// or inverts there then carries over.
 fn decode(record: &[u8; RECORD_BYTES]) -> Option<Axes> {
     let mut data = [0_i32; 8];
     for (slot, bytes) in data.iter_mut().zip(record.as_chunks::<4>().0) {
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ fn decode(record: &[u8; RECORD_BYTES]) -> Option<Axes> {
     }
     let [kind, x, y, z, rx, ry, rz, _period] = data;
     (kind == 0).then(|| Axes {
-        translation: [unit(x), unit(-i64::from(y)), unit(-i64::from(z))],
-        rotation: [unit(rx), unit(-i64::from(ry)), unit(-i64::from(rz))],
+        translation: [unit(x), unit(-i64::from(z)), unit(-i64::from(y))],
+        rotation: [unit(rx), unit(-i64::from(rz)), unit(-i64::from(ry))],
     })
 }
 
@@ -149,22 +149,28 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn motion_records_become_axes_in_the_devices_raw_frame() {
-        // Full deflection of the daemon's x, y and z is the device's full scale, and y and z flip.
-        assert_eq!(decode(&record([0, 500, 500, 500, 0, 0, 0, 8])), Some(Axes { translation: [350, -350, -350], rotation: [0; 3] }));
-        // Rotations follow translations: right-handed in both frames, so ry and rz flip as y and z do.
-        assert_eq!(decode(&record([0, 0, 0, 0, 250, 250, 250, 8])), Some(Axes { translation: [0; 3], rotation: [175, -175, -175] }));
+        // Each daemon axis reaches only its matching raw HID axis, in both directions.
+        for (daemon_axis, raw_axis, sign) in [(0, 0, 1), (1, 2, -1), (2, 1, -1), (3, 3, 1), (4, 5, -1), (5, 4, -1)] {
+            for value in [-500, 500] {
+                let mut data = [0; 8];
+                data[daemon_axis + 1] = value;
+                let mut expected = [0; 6];
+                expected[raw_axis] = sign * (value * 350 / 500) as i16;
+                assert_eq!(decode(&record(data)), Some(Axes::from(expected)), "daemon axis {daemon_axis}, value {value}");
+            }
+        }
         // Rest is a motion record of zeros.
         assert_eq!(decode(&record([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1200])), Some(Axes::default()));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn what_spnavcfg_swaps_reaches_the_view() {
-        // The daemon sends a push away as y. With Y and Z swapped in spnavcfg it sends the same push
-        // as z, and the view gets a lift (raw z) instead of the zoom (raw y).
-        let before = decode(&record([0, 0, 500, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8])).map(|axes| axes.translation);
-        let after = decode(&record([0, 0, 0, 500, 0, 0, 0, 8])).map(|axes| axes.translation);
-        assert_eq!(before, Some([0, -350, 0]));
-        assert_eq!(after, Some([0, 0, -350]));
+        // A push away is daemon z (raw y); swapping Y/Z makes it a lift (raw z).
+        // The same swap changes a sideways tilt (daemon rz, raw ry) into a twist (raw rz).
+        let before = decode(&record([0, 0, 0, 500, 0, 0, 250, 8]));
+        let after = decode(&record([0, 0, 500, 0, 0, 250, 0, 8]));
+        assert_eq!(before, Some(Axes { translation: [0, -350, 0], rotation: [0, -175, 0] }));
+        assert_eq!(after, Some(Axes { translation: [0, 0, -350], rotation: [0, 0, -175] }));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -179,7 +185,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Nothing overflows on the extremes of `i32`.
         let extreme = decode(&record([0, i32::MIN, i32::MIN, i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN, -1]));
         assert_eq!(extreme.map(|axes| axes.translation[0]), Some(i16::MIN));
-        assert_eq!(extreme.map(|axes| axes.translation[1]), Some(i16::MAX));
+        assert_eq!(extreme.map(|axes| axes.translation), Some([i16::MIN, i16::MIN, i16::MAX]));
         assert_eq!(extreme.map(|axes| axes.rotation[0]), Some(i16::MAX));
     }
 

apps/solidcraft/src/startup.rs

@@ -311,13 +311,18 @@ pub const SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT_ENV: &str = "SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT";
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 pub const OCLP_NVRAM_KEY: &str = "4D1FDA02-38C7-4A6A-9CC6-4BCCA8B30102:OCLP-Version";
 
+/// Where macOS keeps its `nvram` tool.
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+const NVRAM_TOOL: &str = "/usr/sbin/nvram";
+
 /// `true` if the OCLP NVRAM key is present on this system.
 ///
-/// Runs `nvram <key>` and treats exit 0 as present. Any error (missing binary,
-/// permission denied, key absent) returns `false` — this is a best-effort probe.
+/// Runs `/usr/sbin/nvram <key>` and treats exit 0 as present. The full path keeps a `PATH` that
+/// lacks `/usr/sbin`, or lists a look-alike first, from changing the answer. Any error (missing
+/// binary, permission denied, key absent) returns `false`: this is a best-effort probe.
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 pub fn oclp_nvram_present() -> bool {
-    std::process::Command::new("nvram").arg(OCLP_NVRAM_KEY).output().map(|o| o.status.success()).unwrap_or(false)
+    std::process::Command::new(NVRAM_TOOL).arg(OCLP_NVRAM_KEY).output().map(|o| o.status.success()).unwrap_or(false)
 }
 
 /// Whether to re-launch with `SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT=1`: it is not set yet and OCLP shows through
@@ -334,8 +339,8 @@ fn compat_wanted(compat_set: bool, nvram: impl FnOnce() -> bool) -> bool {
 ///
 /// `SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT=1` must be present **before** the process starts: setting it
 /// with `std::env::set_var` inside `main` is too late because the macOS frameworks have
-/// already queried the OS version by then. Re-launching is the only safe approach that
-/// works without `unsafe` (a true `execve` replacement would require it).
+/// already queried the OS version by then, so the program starts itself again with the variable
+/// set and waits for that child.
 ///
 /// Returns `Ok(false)` immediately when:
 /// - `SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT` is already set (re-launched process, no loop), or
@@ -352,7 +357,7 @@ pub fn relaunch_with_version_compat() -> Result<bool, String> {
         return Ok(false);
     }
     log::info!("startup: OCLP detected; re-launching with {}=1", SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT_ENV);
-    eprintln!("SolidCraft: OCLP detected; re-launching with {}=1", SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT_ENV);
+    solidcraft_engine::note!("SolidCraft: OCLP detected; re-launching with {}=1", SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT_ENV);
     let exe = std::env::current_exe().map_err(|e| format!("could not find own executable: {e}"))?;
     let status = std::process::Command::new(&exe)
         .args(std::env::args_os().skip(1))

assets/icons/ui/design/requested_icons.txt

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ circle_ttt	false
 close	false
 coil	false
 colored_components	false
-colored_components_off	false
 combine	false
 compare	false
 component	false

assets/icons/ui/design/svg/model/colored_components_off.svg

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 64 64">
-  <title>Disable component colors</title>
-  <path d="M9.235 17.706L15.059 20.882L15.059 48.941L9.235 44.926Z" fill="#328bd3"/>
-  <path d="M35.176 9.235L15.059 20.882L15.059 48.941L36.765 35.139Z" fill="#236ead"/>
-  <path d="M29.046 5L35.176 8.176L15.196 19.718L9.066 16.541Z" fill="#b9ddf8"/>
-  <path d="M29.046 5.529L35.176 8.706L35.176 36.235L15.059 49.471L9.235 45.765L9.066 17.071Z" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M9.066 17.6L15.059 20.882L34.647 9.235" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M15.059 20.882L15.059 47.067" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M32.222 18.595L44.949 25.944L44.949 51.122L32.222 43.774Z" fill="#328bd3"/>
-  <path d="M54.934 20.173L44.949 25.944L44.949 51.122L54.934 45.352Z" fill="#236ead"/>
-  <path d="M42.059 12.412L54.934 20.173L44.949 25.944L32 17.706Z" fill="#b9ddf8"/>
-  <path d="M41.159 11.766L54.934 20.173L54.934 45.352L44.949 51.122L31.164 42.715L31.164 17.536Z" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M32.222 18.595L44.949 25.944L54.934 20.173" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M44.949 25.944L44.949 51.122" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M18.299 39.062L31.015 46.411L31.015 59L18.299 51.652Z" fill="#328bd3"/>
-  <path d="M41.921 40.121L31.015 46.411L31.015 59L41.921 52.711Z" fill="#236ead"/>
-  <path d="M29.194 32.773L41.921 40.121L31.015 46.411L18.299 39.062Z" fill="#b9ddf8"/>
-  <path d="M29.194 32.773L41.921 40.121L41.921 52.711L31.015 59L18.299 51.652L18.299 39.062Z" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M18.299 39.062L31.015 46.411L41.921 40.121" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-  <path d="M31.015 46.411L31.015 59" fill="none" stroke="#34465b" stroke-width="2.55" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-</svg>

assets/icons/ui/source/markers.rs

@@ -79,17 +79,6 @@ pub(crate) fn snap_hint(painter: &egui::Painter, c: Pos2, kind: SnapKind, col: C
     painter.circle_filled(c, 1.3, col);
 }
 
-/// A placed hole's drag handle: a ring round the hole's centre with a cross through it, filled
-/// while it is hovered or dragged.
-pub(crate) fn hole_handle(painter: &egui::Painter, c: Pos2, col: Color32, hot: bool) {
-    let ic = Tokens::get().icons;
-    let r = 6.0;
-    painter.circle_filled(c, r + 3.5, ic.marker_halo);
-    painter.circle(c, r, if hot { col } else { col.gamma_multiply(0.35) }, Stroke::new(1.6, col));
-    let ink = Stroke::new(1.3, if hot { ic.highlight } else { col });
-    painter.line_segment([c - vec2(r + 3.0, 0.0), c + vec2(r + 3.0, 0.0)], ink);
-    painter.line_segment([c - vec2(0.0, r + 3.0), c + vec2(0.0, r + 3.0)], ink);
-}
 pub(crate) fn glyph_icon(name: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
     Some(match name {
         "Coincident" => "c_coincident",

assets/locales/ar.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "تعطيل المجلدات المحددة",
   "Suppressed": "مُعطّل",
   "Surface": "السطح",
+  "Surface or face": "سطح أو وجه",
+  "Surface or faces": "سطح أو أوجه",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "السطح، أو الأوجه المراد قلبها",
   "Surfaces": "الأسطح",
   "Swap Ends": "تبديل الطرفين",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "الهدف",
   "Target Body": "الجسم الهدف",
   "Target Face (optional)": "الوجه الهدف (اختياري)",
+  "Target edges": "الحواف المستهدفة",
   "Tear": "تمزيق",
   "Technical details": "التفاصيل التقنية",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "الرسم المتقطع دليل مستوى محفوظ. حدد وجهًا جديدًا لإصلاح الارتباط.",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "يجب أن يكون الاتجاه محورًا أو منحنى رسم مستقيمًا يقع في مستوى الرسم",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "لا يمكن عكس خط المرآة نفسه",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "يجب أن يكون خط المرآة منحنى مستقيمًا من هذا الرسم، وليس أحد محاور نقطة الأصل",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "محور الأصل عمودي على مستوى الرسم، لذا ليس له خط في المستوى",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "نسخة المؤلف المحفوظة مفقودة. حدد موضع مؤلف صالحًا قبل إعادة الربط.",
   "Then": "ثم",
   "These features will be deleted:": "ستُحذف هذه الميزات:",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "تتبّع الكاميرا",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "تتبّع الكاميرا التلقائي متوقف.",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "تتجه الكاميرا نحو الرسومات التي ينشئها الوكيل.",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "تعليمات مخصصة",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "تُرسَل إلى الوكيل في بداية كل محادثة، بعد تعليمات SolidCraft الخاصة: طريقتك المفضلة في العمل والقواعد التي يجب الالتزام بها. يسري أي تغيير من المحادثة التالية (اتصال أو محادثة جديدة).",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "وكلاء الذكاء الاصطناعي في SolidCraft.",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "تعيين افتراضيًا",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "لا يوجد وكلاء بعد. أضف وكيلًا أو حدّث القائمة للعثور على الوكلاء المثبّتين.",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "تحليل العرض",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "مركز الكتلة",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "الخلوص",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "تفعيل ألوان المكوّنات",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "تعطيل ألوان المكوّنات",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "ألوان المكوّنات",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "مقارنة الأجسام",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "مقارنة بصورة مرجعية",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "تحليل الاستمرارية",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "جارٍ الحساب… {seconds} ث",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "تعذّر فحصه",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ محور مخصص",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "وجه النموذج أو رأسه الذي تقوم عليه الأسطوانة: انقر هنا ثم انقر عليه في العرض. إذا تُرك فارغًا، تحدد X وY وZ موضعها.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "انقر على بُعد قائد آخر لإدراج اسمه",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "البُعد: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "إنقاص بمقدار {step}",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "تعديل {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "لا يوجد جسم ظاهر لتغييره: أظهر جسمًا، أو اختر «جسم جديد»",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "اختر أجسامًا أو ميزات: الرسم ليس أيًّا منهما. كرّر منحنياته بأداة النمط أو المرآة داخل الرسم، أو ابثقه أولًا.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "نقطة تملأ X وY وZ: انقر هنا ثم على رأس أو حافة أو وجه من النموذج، أو على نقطة من رسم، أو على نقطة الأصل.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "حافة مستقيمة من الوجه المختار تُقاس منها المسافة أدناه: انقر هنا ثم على الحافة.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ تحديد",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} محدد",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "قيد {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "السحب بالزر الأوسط يدوّر العرض، وShift مع الأوسط يُزيحه، وCtrl مع الأوسط يكبّره؛ والسحب بالأيمن لا يحرك الكاميرا",
   "nav.creo.help": "السحب بالزر الأوسط يدوّر العرض، وShift مع الأوسط يُزيحه، وCtrl مع السحب العمودي بالأوسط يكبّره أو يصغّره (السحب لأسفل للتكبير)؛ وتدوير العجلة يكبّره أو يصغّره",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "يستمر السحب بالزر الأوسط أو الأيمن في التدوير أو التحريك أو التكبير كما بدأ حتى تحرير الزر، مهما ضُغطت المفاتيح أو حُرّرت في أثناء ذلك. عند الإيقاف: تقرر المفاتيح المضغوطة في كل لحظة من السحب.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "يحتفظ السحب بطريقة التنقل التي بدأ بها",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "الفأرة والفأرة ثلاثية الأبعاد تدوّران العرض عبر القطبين وتحافظان على اللف. يُعطَّل التقاط المحاور بـ Shift.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "تدوير حر",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "الفأرة والفأرة ثلاثية الأبعاد تدوّران العرض عبر القطبين وتحافظان على اللف. اضغط مطولًا على Shift أثناء سحب التدوير لالتقاط اتجاه العرض واللف.",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "ضم أو جسم جديد أو قص، حسب ما تلامسه المادة.",
   "prefs.axes": "المحاور",
   "prefs.axis": "المحور",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "اختيار صورة…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "الصورة",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "تعذرت قراءة صورة الخلفية",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "تكلفة العرض النسبية. زيادة الأشرطة تعني عادةً مزيدًا من العمل.",
   "prefs.blur_device": "غير متاح على جهاز الرسوميات أو مسار العرض هذا",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "خُفّضت جودة التمويه للحفاظ على استجابة الإطارات. لم يتغير نصف القطر.",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "أيقونة الإظهار بجانب سهم الطي",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "تعرض صفوف المستعرض أيقونة الإظهار/الإخفاء بجانب سهم الطي كما كانت من قبل، بدلًا من عمود عند نهاية الصفوف.",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "إظهار عند مرور المؤشر",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "صفوف المستعرض تبدأ مغلقة",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "تبدأ المواضع والمجلدات في المستعرض مغلقة، فيعرض التصميم الذي يضم مكونات كثيرة صفوفه العليا. يُفتح كل صف بسهمه أو بـ«توسيع الكل» أو بـ«البحث في المستعرض» الذي يفتح الصفوف المؤدية إلى الجسم فقط، ويغلق من جديد الصفوف التي فتحها البحث السابق. اختيار جسم في العرض ثلاثي الأبعاد يترك المستعرض كما هو. عند إيقافه تبدأ المجلدات مفتوحة، وتبدأ المواضع كما يحدّد خيار «المكوّنات مفتوحة من البداية»، ويفتح الاختيار في العرض ثلاثي الأبعاد المستعرضَ حتى صف الجسم، كما كان من قبل.",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "«ظاهر» يُبقي المستعرض على الشاشة. «إظهار عند مرور المؤشر» يُخفيه حتى يمر المؤشر فوق مكانه أو فوق الشريط الرفيع عند حافته اليسرى، ويبقى مفتوحًا ما دام المؤشر داخله أو كانت قائمة منه مفتوحة.",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "ظاهر",
   "prefs.built_in": "مدمج",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "سهما التدوير المنحنيان عند زاوية المكعب يدوران العرض داخل مستوى الشاشة. عند التشغيل: سهم التدوير مع عقارب الساعة يدور عكسها، وسهم العكس يدور معها. عند الإيقاف: يدور كل سهم بالعرض حسب انحنائه.",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "عكس أسهم تدوير مكعب العرض",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "تدوّر الأسهم المحيطة بالمكعب الكاميرا في الاتجاه الذي تشير إليه، كما في Fusion وInventor: السهم الموجود على اليسار يشير إلى اليمين ويدوّر الكاميرا إلى اليمين. عند الإيقاف: يدوّر السهم المكعب نحو الجهة التي يقع فيها، فيدوّر السهم الأيسر الكاميرا إلى اليسار. لا يتأثر سهما الدوران المنحنيان.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "السؤال أيضًا عند إغلاق علامة التبويب",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "عند إيقاف هذا الخيار، تُغلق علامة التبويب دون مربع المتصفح بعد تحديث نسخة كل تصميم غير محفوظ.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "الاحتفاظ بالعمل غير المحفوظ في هذا المتصفح",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "تُحدَّث التغييرات غير المحفوظة لكل تصميم مفتوح باستمرار في التخزين الخاص بهذا المتصفح. وتعرض الزيارة التالية استعادتها.",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "إبقاء مربعات الحوار والأدوات مفتوحة عند التبديل بين التصاميم",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "تحتفظ كل علامة تبويب تصميم بمربع الحوار أو الأداة المفتوحة، بما حددته وكتبته فيها، وبعلامة تبويب شريط الأدوات. وتجدها كما هي عند العودة إلى التصميم. عند الإيقاف: يؤدي التبديل بين التصاميم إلى إلغائها وعرض علامة التبويب «النموذج».",
   "prefs.labels": "التسميات",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "بطاقة",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "عمود",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "عند مرور المؤشر",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "تبديل قوائم اللوحات عند مرور المؤشر",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "انقر على اسم لوحة في الشريط لفتح قائمتها. مرّر المؤشر فوق اسم لوحة أخرى للتبديل. حرّك المؤشر خارج الشريط والقائمة المفتوحة لإغلاقها.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "الأيقونات + التسميات",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "موافق وإلغاء",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "عند مرور المؤشر",
@@ -2559,8 +2580,8 @@
   "prefs.section_hatch_by_part": "حسب الجزء",
   "prefs.section_hatch_one": "نمط واحد",
   "prefs.select": "تحديد",
-  "prefs.select_hidden_edges": "تحديد الحواف المخفية في العرض المظلل مع الحواف المخفية",
-  "prefs.select_hidden_edges_help": "يتيح تحديد الحواف عبر الأسطح عند تفعيل العرض المظلل مع الحواف المخفية، بما في ذلك استخدام أداة Fillet. يحافظ إيقافه على سلوك التحديد في v0.30.1. تظل الأجسام المخفية غير قابلة للتحديد.",
+  "prefs.select_hidden_edges": "تحديد الحواف المخفية في نمط «مظلل مع الحواف المخفية»",
+  "prefs.select_hidden_edges_help": "يتيح تحديد الحواف عبر الأوجه عند تفعيل نمط «مظلل مع الحواف المخفية»، بما في ذلك عند استخدام التقويس. عند الإيقاف يبقى سلوك التحديد كما في v0.30.1. تظل الأجسام المخفية غير قابلة للتحديد.",
   "prefs.select_one_item": "تحديد عنصر واحد",
   "prefs.select_other_hidden": "تحديد العناصر الهندسية المخفية باستخدام «تحديد عنصر آخر»",
   "prefs.select_other_hidden_help": "عند التفعيل: تضمين الأجسام والمخططات المخفية والحواف المحجوبة قرب المؤشر. عند التعطيل: استخدام القائمة الأصلية للعناصر الهندسية المرئية أسفل المؤشر.",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "الآن",
   "recovery.min_ago": "قبل {count} دقيقة",
   "recovery.never_saved": "لم يُحفظ قط",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "فتح النسخة المحفوظة",
+  "recovery.restore": "استعادة",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "التغييرات التي لم تُحفظ عند آخر إغلاق لهذه الصفحة محفوظة في هذا المتصفح.",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}، تغيّر {when}",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "استعادة التصاميم غير المحفوظة؟",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "استعادة التصميم غير المحفوظ: {name}، تغيّر {when}؟",
   "refused.change": "تعذّر تغيير {body}.",
   "refused.cut": "تعذّر قطع {body}.",
   "refused.face_curved": "أحد أوجهه المنحنية لا يمكن استخدامه في النمذجة.",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · عريض",
   "render.gpu_depth": "أقصى عمق للمسار",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "تُحفظ العيّنات والعمق والبذرة والتعريض مع هذا الإعداد. تُحفظ طريقة الصورة النشطة فقط.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "أُغلق SolidCraft أثناء إعداده على محوّل الرسوميات هذا في المرة السابقة، على الأرجح داخل برنامج تشغيل الرسوميات، لذا لن يُعاد إعداده تلقائيًا. استخدم تتبع الأشعة على المعالج المركزي بدلًا منه، أو حاول مرة أخرى (يعيد تحديث برنامج التشغيل المحاولة أيضًا).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "متتبع المسارات على GPU غير متاح",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "قد يستغرق الإعداد الأول على وحدة GPU هذه عدة دقائق؛ ويبقى SolidCraft قابلًا للاستخدام أثناءها. تعيد المرات اللاحقة استخدام المظللات المترجمة حيث يحتفظ بها برنامج التشغيل.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "متتبع المسارات على GPU: ترجمة المظللات…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "حاول مرة أخرى",
   "render.gpu_seed": "البذرة العشوائية",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "تتبع المسارات على GPU غير جاهز على هذا الجهاز.",
   "render.ground_apply": "ملاءمة الأرضية وحفظها",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "لوح نموذجي",
   "sample.vents.about": "شقوق في نمط مستطيلي: الصفوف والأعمدة والخطوة معاملات",
   "sample.vents.name": "لوح تهوية",
+  "scale.per_axis": "لكل محور",
+  "scale.uniform": "موحّد",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter تشغيل     Shift+Enter تشغيل مع الإبقاء مفتوحًا     Esc إغلاق",
   "search.commands": "الأوامر",
   "search.design": "في هذا التصميم",
@@ -4177,32 +4208,32 @@
   "sketch.dof_left": "تبقّت {count} درجات حرية",
   "sketch.dof_left_one": "تبقّت {count} درجة حرية",
   "sketch.draw_curves": "الرسم كـ {linetype}",
-  "sketch.error.closed_curve_two_crossings": "a closed curve needs two crossings to trim",
-  "sketch.error.nothing_to_break": "nothing to break here",
-  "sketch.error.offset_fillet_chamfer": "`{id}` is an offset, and its corners follow its source curves: round or cut the source corners before offsetting, or break the offset association first",
-  "sketch.error.offset_trim": "`{id}` is an offset, and its ends follow its source curves: edit the source curves instead, or break the offset association first",
-  "sketch.hint.arc.center_point": "Arc: click center and start, go round either way and click the end, or type a signed sweep",
-  "sketch.hint.arc.three_point": "Arc: click start, end, then a point on the arc",
-  "sketch.hint.arc3d": "3D Arc: click start, end, then a point on the arc (points may leave the sketch plane)",
-  "sketch.hint.break": "Break: click a curve where it should split",
-  "sketch.hint.circle.center": "Circle: click the center, then a point on the circle",
-  "sketch.hint.constraint.generic": "Constraint: pick the sketch entities",
-  "sketch.hint.constraint.horizontal_vertical": "Horizontal/Vertical: pick a line, two points, or a point and a line; hold Shift to pick a line midpoint",
-  "sketch.hint.constraint.midpoint": "MidPoint: pick a point and a line, or two lines to center the second on the first",
-  "sketch.hint.dimension": "Dimension: pick one or two entities and type the value (or click to place it first); click a dimension to edit it; Enter applies",
-  "sketch.hint.extend": "Extend: click a curve near the end to extend (Shift: click two curves to extend both to where they meet)",
-  "sketch.hint.fallback": "Click in the sketch",
-  "sketch.hint.line": "Line: click points; right-click or Esc to finish",
-  "sketch.hint.line3d": "3D Line: click world points; right-click or Esc to finish (points may leave the sketch plane)",
-  "sketch.hint.open_done": "Open done",
-  "sketch.hint.point3d": "3D Point: click where a 3D point goes",
-  "sketch.hint.rectangle.center": "Center rectangle: click the center, then a corner",
-  "sketch.hint.rectangle.rounded": "Rounded rectangle: click two opposite corners (Tab to the radius box to type the corner radius)",
-  "sketch.hint.rectangle.three_point": "3-point rectangle: click two points of one edge, then the width",
-  "sketch.hint.rectangle.two_point": "Rectangle: click two opposite corners",
-  "sketch.hint.slot": "Slot: click both ends, then the width",
-  "sketch.hint.spline3d": "3D Spline: click fit points in 3D; right-click or Esc to finish",
-  "sketch.hint.trim": "Trim: click the piece of a curve to remove, or drag across the pieces to remove",
+  "sketch.error.closed_curve_two_crossings": "يحتاج المنحنى المغلق إلى نقطتي تقاطع لقصّه",
+  "sketch.error.nothing_to_break": "لا يوجد هنا ما يمكن كسره",
+  "sketch.error.offset_fillet_chamfer": "`{id}` منحنى إزاحة، وزواياه تتبع منحنياته المصدر: قوّس زوايا المنحنيات المصدر أو اشطفها قبل الإزاحة، أو فك ارتباط الإزاحة أولًا",
+  "sketch.error.offset_trim": "`{id}` منحنى إزاحة، وأطرافه تتبع منحنياته المصدر: عدّل المنحنيات المصدر بدلًا من ذلك، أو فك ارتباط الإزاحة أولًا",
+  "sketch.hint.arc.center_point": "قوس: انقر المركز ثم البداية، ودُر في أي اتجاه وانقر النهاية، أو اكتب زاوية القوس بإشارة موجبة أو سالبة",
+  "sketch.hint.arc.three_point": "قوس: انقر البداية ثم النهاية، ثم نقطة على القوس",
+  "sketch.hint.arc3d": "قوس ثلاثي الأبعاد: انقر البداية ثم النهاية، ثم نقطة على القوس (يمكن أن تقع النقاط خارج مستوى الرسم)",
+  "sketch.hint.break": "كسر: انقر على منحنى في الموضع الذي يُقسم عنده",
+  "sketch.hint.circle.center": "دائرة: انقر المركز، ثم نقطة على الدائرة",
+  "sketch.hint.constraint.generic": "قيد: اختر عناصر الرسم",
+  "sketch.hint.constraint.horizontal_vertical": "أفقي/رأسي: اختر خطًا، أو نقطتين، أو نقطة وخطًا؛ اضغط Shift مع الاستمرار لاختيار منتصف خط",
+  "sketch.hint.constraint.midpoint": "نقطة المنتصف: اختر نقطة وخطًا، أو خطين لتوسيط الثاني على الأول",
+  "sketch.hint.dimension": "البُعد: اختر عنصرًا أو عنصرين واكتب القيمة (أو انقر لوضعه أولًا)؛ انقر على بُعد لتعديله؛ اضغط Enter للتطبيق",
+  "sketch.hint.extend": "تمديد: انقر على منحنى قرب الطرف المراد تمديده (Shift: انقر منحنيين لتمديدهما معًا حتى نقطة التقائهما)",
+  "sketch.hint.fallback": "انقر في الرسم",
+  "sketch.hint.line": "خط: انقر النقاط؛ انقر بالزر الأيمن أو اضغط Esc للإنهاء",
+  "sketch.hint.line3d": "خط ثلاثي الأبعاد: انقر نقاطًا في الفضاء؛ انقر بالزر الأيمن أو اضغط Esc للإنهاء (يمكن أن تقع النقاط خارج مستوى الرسم)",
+  "sketch.hint.open_done": "تم الفتح",
+  "sketch.hint.point3d": "نقطة ثلاثية الأبعاد: انقر حيث توضع النقطة ثلاثية الأبعاد",
+  "sketch.hint.rectangle.center": "مستطيل من المركز: انقر المركز، ثم زاوية",
+  "sketch.hint.rectangle.rounded": "مستطيل مستدير الزوايا: انقر زاويتين متقابلتين (اضغط Tab للانتقال إلى خانة نصف القطر وكتابة نصف قطر الزوايا)",
+  "sketch.hint.rectangle.three_point": "مستطيل بثلاث نقاط: انقر نقطتين على أحد الأضلاع، ثم العرض",
+  "sketch.hint.rectangle.two_point": "مستطيل: انقر زاويتين متقابلتين",
+  "sketch.hint.slot": "شق: انقر الطرفين، ثم العرض",
+  "sketch.hint.spline3d": "منحنى شريحي ثلاثي الأبعاد: انقر نقاط الملاءمة في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد؛ انقر بالزر الأيمن أو اضغط Esc للإنهاء",
+  "sketch.hint.trim": "قص: انقر على الجزء المراد إزالته من المنحنى، أو اسحب عبر الأجزاء المراد إزالتها",
   "sketch.make_selection": "تحويل التحديد إلى {linetype}",
   "sketch.open_ends": "مفتوحة {count}",
   "sketch.status_conflict": "تعارض القيود",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "رسم ثلاثي الأبعاد",
   "ui.activate": "تنشيط",
   "ui.active_component": "المكوّن النشط",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "إضافة إلى الوصول السريع",
   "ui.add_configuration": "إضافة تكوين",
   "ui.add_parameter": "إضافة معامل",
   "ui.agent_chat": "محادثة الوكيل",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "المعامل",
   "ui.fade": "تلاشٍ",
   "ui.fade_length": "طول التلاشي",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "عدد التكرارات",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "الحفاظ على الحواف",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "شدة التنعيم",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "تنعيم السطح",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "0.001 من حجم الجسم",
   "ui.feature_history": "سجل الميزات",
   "ui.feature_options": "خيارات الميزة",
   "ui.features": "الميزات",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "السحب الحر للمُعالج أيضًا مع Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "عند التفعيل: Alt/Option أو Ctrl/Cmd على أسهم البثق / أداة التحويل يعطّل التقاط القيم. عند الإيقاف: Ctrl/Cmd فقط.",
   "ui.manufacture": "التصنيع",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "مطابقة السطح",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "محاور محلية للمادة؛ لم يُحدد اتجاه للجسم.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "المصادر والتراخيص ادعاءات غير موثّقة. القيم المفقودة تبقى مجهولة.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "مقاومة الانضغاط",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "الخيارات",
   "ui.orbit": "تدوير العرض",
   "ui.orbit_around": "التدوير حول",
+  "ui.organize": "تنظيم",
   "ui.orientation": "الاتجاه",
   "ui.origin": "نقطة الأصل",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "وضع الخطوط المساعدة (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "الجودة",
   "ui.quantity": "الكمية",
   "ui.quantity_2": "الكمية 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "يتسع شريط الوصول السريع لـ {count} أمرًا؛ أزل أحدها لإضافة آخر",
   "ui.quit": "خروج",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "قائمة سياقية دائرية",
   "ui.radius": "نصف القطر",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "هذا المكوّن غير مرتبط بتصميم مصدر.",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "حدد مكوّنًا مرتبطًا واحدًا أو إحدى نسخه أولًا.",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "إعادة ربط المصدر (كل النسخ)…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "إزالة من الوصول السريع",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "إزالة من شريط الأدوات",
   "ui.removeSection": "إزالة المقطع",
   "ui.render": "التصيير",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "لا يوجد ما يُكرَّر بعد: ابدأ أداة أو مربع حوار أولًا.",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "أصبحت النسخ الآن مواضع للتصميم المرتبط.",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "الإبلاغ عن خطأ",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "الأحرف المتبقية: {count}",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "الأحرف المتبقية: {count}",
   "ui.reset": "إعادة تعيين",
   "ui.reset_all": "إعادة تعيين الكل",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "إعادة تعيين إعدادات هذه الصفحة",

assets/locales/bs.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analiza dostupnosti",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centar mase",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Provjera zazora",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Omogući boje komponenti",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Onemogući boje komponenti",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Uporedi tijela",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Uporedi sliku",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analiza kontinuiteta",

assets/locales/cs.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analýza přístupnosti",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Těžiště",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Vůle",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Zapnout barvy komponent",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Vypnout barvy komponent",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Porovnat tělesa",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Porovnat obrázek",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analýza spojitosti",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Ukázková deska",
   "sample.vents.about": "Drážky v obdélníkovém poli: řádky, sloupce a rozteč jsou parametry",
   "sample.vents.name": "Větrací deska",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Podle os",
+  "scale.uniform": "Rovnoměrně",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter spustit     Shift+Enter spustit a ponechat otevřené     Esc zavřít",
   "search.commands": "Příkazy",
   "search.design": "V tomto návrhu",

assets/locales/da.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Tilgængelighedsanalyse",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Massecentrum",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Frigangskontrol",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Aktivér komponentfarver",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Deaktivér komponentfarver",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Sammenlign emner",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Sammenlign billede",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Kontinuitetsanalyse",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Eksempelplade",
   "sample.vents.about": "Slidser i et rektangulært mønster: Rækker, kolonner og deling er parametre",
   "sample.vents.name": "Ventilationsplade",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per akse",
+  "scale.uniform": "Ensartet",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter kør     Shift+Enter kør og hold åben     Esc luk",
   "search.commands": "Kommandoer",
   "search.design": "I dette design",

assets/locales/de.json

@@ -628,6 +628,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "Ausgewählte Ordner unterdrücken",
   "Suppressed": "Unterdrückt",
   "Surface": "Flächenkörper",
+  "Surface or face": "Flächenkörper oder Fläche",
+  "Surface or faces": "Flächenkörper oder Flächen",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "Fläche oder umzudrehende Flächen",
   "Surfaces": "Flächen",
   "Swap Ends": "Enden vertauschen",
@@ -641,6 +643,7 @@
   "Target": "Ziel",
   "Target Body": "Zielkörper",
   "Target Face (optional)": "Zielfläche (optional)",
+  "Target edges": "Zielkanten",
   "Tear": "Reißen",
   "Technical details": "Technische Details",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "Die gestrichelte Skizze ist eine gespeicherte Ebenenführung. Wählen Sie eine neue Fläche, um die Anbindung zu reparieren.",
@@ -648,6 +651,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "Die Richtung muss eine Achse oder eine gerade Skizzenkurve in der Skizzenebene sein",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "Die Spiegellinie kann nicht gleichzeitig gespiegelt werden",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "Die Spiegellinie muss eine gerade Kurve dieser Skizze sein, keine Ursprungsachse",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "Die Ursprungsachse steht senkrecht auf der Skizzenebene und hat daher keine Linie in ihr",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "Das gespeicherte Autorvorkommen fehlt. Wählen Sie vor dem erneuten Anbinden eine gültige Autorplatzierung.",
   "Then": "Then",
   "These features will be deleted:": "Diese Merkmale werden gelöscht:",
@@ -960,8 +964,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Zugänglichkeitsanalyse",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Massenschwerpunkt",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Freiraum",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Komponentenfarben einschalten",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Komponentenfarben ausschalten",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Körper vergleichen",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Kontinuitätsprüfung",
   "cmd.inspect_curvature_comb": "Krümmungskamm-Analyse",
@@ -1390,6 +1392,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Wird berechnet… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "nicht prüfbar",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Eigene Achse",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "Die Fläche oder der Eckpunkt des Modells, auf dem der Zylinder steht: hier klicken, dann in der Ansicht darauf klicken. Leer gelassen platzieren ihn X, Y und Z.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Doppelklicken Sie auf eine andere steuernde Bemaßung, um ihren Namen einzufügen",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Bemaßung: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "Um {step} verringern",
@@ -1398,6 +1401,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "{title} bearbeiten",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "Kein sichtbarer Körper zum Ändern vorhanden. Blenden Sie einen Körper ein oder wählen Sie „Neuer Körper“.",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Körper oder Funktionen wählen: Eine Skizze ist keines von beiden. Ihre Kurven mit Muster oder Spiegeln in der Skizze wiederholen oder sie zuerst extrudieren.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "Ein Punkt, der X, Y und Z füllt: hier klicken, dann einen Eckpunkt, eine Kante oder Fläche des Modells, einen Punkt einer Skizze oder den Ursprung anklicken.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "Eine gerade Kante der gewählten Fläche, von der aus der Abstand darunter gemessen wird: hier klicken, dann die Kante anklicken.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Auswählen",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} ausgewählt",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Bedingung {id}",
@@ -2021,6 +2026,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "Mittlere Maustaste dreht, Umschalt+Mitte verschiebt, Strg+Mitte zoomt; rechtes Ziehen lässt die Kamera unverändert",
   "nav.creo.help": "Ziehen mit der mittleren Maustaste dreht, Umschalt+Mitte verschiebt, Strg+Mitte zoomt beim vertikalen Ziehen (nach unten zum Vergrößern); das Mausrad zoomt",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "Ein Ziehen mit der mittleren oder rechten Taste dreht, verschiebt oder zoomt weiter wie begonnen, bis die Taste losgelassen wird, egal welche Tasten dabei gedrückt oder losgelassen werden. Aus: Die gehaltenen Tasten entscheiden in jedem Moment des Ziehens.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "Ziehen behält die Navigation bei, mit der es begann",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "Maus und 3D-Maus drehen über beide Pole hinweg und behalten die Rollneigung bei. Das Einrasten mit Umschalt ist deaktiviert.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "Freie Drehung",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "Maus und 3D-Maus drehen über beide Pole hinweg und behalten die Rollausrichtung bei. Halten Sie beim Ziehen zum Drehen die Umschalttaste gedrückt, um Blickrichtung und Rollausrichtung einrasten zu lassen.",
@@ -2278,6 +2285,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "Auge neben dem Aufklapppfeil",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "Browserzeilen zeigen ihr Auge zum Ein- und Ausblenden wie bisher neben dem Aufklapppfeil statt in einer Spalte am rechten Zeilenende.",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "Beim Überfahren einblenden",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "Browser-Zeilen beginnen geschlossen",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "Platzierungen und Ordner im Browser beginnen geschlossen, sodass ein Entwurf mit vielen Komponenten seine obersten Zeilen zeigt. Jede öffnet sich mit ihrem Pfeil, „Alle ausklappen“ oder „Im Browser suchen“, das nur die Zeilen bis zu seinem Körper öffnet und die von der letzten Suche geöffneten wieder schließt. Ein in der 3D-Ansicht gewählter Körper lässt den Browser, wie er ist. Ist es aus, beginnen die Ordner geöffnet, Platzierungen so, wie „Komponenten zu Beginn aufgeklappt“ es festlegt, und eine Auswahl in der 3D-Ansicht öffnet den Browser bis zu ihrem Körper, wie bisher.",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "Angezeigt lässt den Browser auf dem Bildschirm. Beim Überfahren einblenden blendet ihn aus, bis der Zeiger über seinen Platz oder die schmale Lasche an seinem linken Rand kommt; er bleibt offen, solange der Zeiger darin ist oder ein Menü daraus offen ist.",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "Angezeigt",
   "prefs.built_in": "Integriert",
@@ -2418,6 +2427,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "Karte",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "Spalte",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "Bei Mauszeiger",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "Bereichsmenüs beim Darüberfahren wechseln",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "Klicken Sie auf einen Bereichsnamen, um das Menü zu öffnen. Bewegen Sie den Zeiger auf einen anderen Bereichsnamen, um das Menü zu wechseln. Außerhalb des Menübands und des geöffneten Menüs schließt es sich.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "Symbole + Beschriftungen",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "OK und Abbrechen",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "Bei Mauszeiger",
@@ -3253,9 +3264,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · Breitbild",
   "render.gpu_depth": "Maximale Pfadtiefe",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "Samples, Tiefe, Startwert und Belichtung werden mit diesem Setup gespeichert. Es wird nur die aktive Bildmethode gespeichert.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "SolidCraft wurde beim letzten Einrichten auf diesem Grafikadapter beendet, wahrscheinlich im Grafiktreiber, und richtet ihn deshalb nicht von selbst erneut ein. Verwenden Sie stattdessen Raytracing auf der CPU oder versuchen Sie es erneut (nach einem Treiberupdate wird es ebenfalls erneut versucht).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "GPU-Pathtracer nicht verfügbar",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "Das erste Setup auf dieser GPU kann mehrere Minuten dauern; SolidCraft bleibt währenddessen bedienbar. Spätere Starts verwenden die kompilierten Shader erneut, sofern der Treiber sie behält.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "GPU-Pathtracer: Shader werden kompiliert…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "Erneut versuchen",
   "render.gpu_seed": "Zufallsstartwert",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "GPU-Pathtracing ist auf diesem Gerät nicht bereit.",
   "render.ground_apply": "Boden anpassen und speichern",
@@ -4063,6 +4076,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Beispielplatte",
   "sample.vents.about": "Langlöcher in einem Rechteckmuster: Zeilen, Spalten und Abstand sind Parameter",
   "sample.vents.name": "Lüftungsplatte",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Je Achse",
+  "scale.uniform": "Gleichmäßig",
   "search.command_keys": "Eingabe ausführen     Umschalt+Eingabe ausführen und offen lassen     Esc schließen",
   "search.commands": "Befehle",
   "search.design": "In diesem Design",
@@ -4920,6 +4935,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "Faktor",
   "ui.fade": "Auslauf",
   "ui.fade_length": "Auslauflänge",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "Iterationen",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "Kanten behalten",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "Stärke",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "FLÄCHENBEGRADIGUNG",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "0,001 der Körpergröße",
   "ui.feature_history": "Feature-Verlauf",
   "ui.feature_options": "Funktionsoptionen",
   "ui.features": "Funktionen",
@@ -5129,6 +5149,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "Freies Ziehen des Manipulators auch mit Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "An: Alt/Option oder Strg/Cmd auf Extrusions-/Gizmo-Pfeilen deaktiviert das Einrasten von Werten. Aus: nur Strg/Cmd.",
   "ui.manufacture": "Fertigung",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "FLÄCHENANPASSUNG",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "Materiallokale Achsen; keine Körperausrichtung zugewiesen.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "Quellen und Lizenzen sind ungeprüfte Angaben. Fehlende Werte bleiben unbekannt.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "Druckfestigkeit",
@@ -5192,6 +5213,7 @@
   "ui.options": "Optionen",
   "ui.orbit": "Drehen",
   "ui.orbit_around": "Umkreisen um",
+  "ui.organize": "Organisieren",
   "ui.orientation": "Ausrichtung",
   "ui.origin": "Ursprung",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "Konstruktionsmodus (X)",
@@ -5305,6 +5327,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "Noch nichts zu wiederholen: Starten Sie zuerst ein Werkzeug oder einen Dialog.",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "Die Kopien sind jetzt Platzierungen des verknüpften Designs.",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "Fehler melden",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "{count} Zeichen übrig",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "{count} Zeichen übrig",
   "ui.reset": "Zurücksetzen",
   "ui.reset_all": "Alle zurücksetzen",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "Einstellungen auf dieser Seite zurücksetzen",

assets/locales/en-GB.json

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@
   "cmd.component_cycle_color": "Cycle Component Colour",
   "cmd.construct_point_center": "Point At Centre Of Circle/Sphere/Torus",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centre of Mass",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Enable Component Colours",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Disable Component Colours",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Component Colours",
   "cmd.parameters_favorite": "Favourite Parameter",
   "cmd.render_aging_describe": "Layered Surface Aging",
   "cmd.render_effects_describe": "Lens and Creative Effects",
@@ -267,6 +266,7 @@
   "ui.layout_compact": "Compact",
   "ui.layout_floating": "Floating",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "Sources and licences are unverified claims. Missing values remain unknown.",
+  "ui.organize": "Organise",
   "ui.point_cloud_color_by": "Colour By",
   "ui.point_cloud_file_colors": "File Colours",
   "ui.point_cloud_no_file_colors": "The file has no colours",

assets/locales/en.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "Suppress Selected Folders",
   "Suppressed": "Suppressed",
   "Surface": "Surface",
+  "Surface or face": "Surface or face",
+  "Surface or faces": "Surface or faces",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "Surface, or faces to turn over",
   "Surfaces": "Surfaces",
   "Swap Ends": "Swap Ends",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "Target",
   "Target Body": "Target Body",
   "Target Face (optional)": "Target Face (optional)",
+  "Target edges": "Target edges",
   "Tear": "Tear",
   "Technical details": "Technical details",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.",
   "Then": "Then",
   "These features will be deleted:": "These features will be deleted:",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "Follow the camera",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "Automatic camera following is off.",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "The camera turns to face sketches the agent creates.",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "Custom instructions",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "Sent to the agent at the start of every chat, after SolidCraft's own instructions: how you like to work, rules to keep to. A change applies from the next chat (Connect or New chat).",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "AI agents in SolidCraft.",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "Make default",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "No agents yet. Add an agent or refresh to find installed agents.",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "View Analysis",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Center of Mass",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Clearance",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Enable Component Colors",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Disable Component Colors",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Component Colors",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Compare Bodies",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Compare Picture",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Continuity Analysis",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Computing… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "could not be checked",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Custom Axis",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "The face or vertex of the model the cylinder stands on: click here, then click it in the view. Left empty, X, Y and Z place it.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Click another driving dimension to insert its name",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Dimension: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "Down by {step}",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "EDIT {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "No shown body to change: show one, or choose New Body",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Pick bodies or features: a sketch is neither. Repeat its curves with the sketch's own Pattern or Mirror, or extrude it first.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "A point that fills X, Y and Z: click here, then click a vertex, edge or face of the model, a point of a sketch, or the origin.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "A straight edge of the picked face to measure the distance below from: click here, then click the edge.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Select",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} selected",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Constraint {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "Middle drag orbits, Shift+middle pans, Ctrl+middle zooms; right drag leaves the camera alone",
   "nav.creo.help": "Middle drag orbits, Shift+middle pans, Ctrl+middle drag vertically zooms (down to zoom in); scroll the wheel to zoom",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "A middle or right drag goes on orbiting, panning or zooming as it began until the button is released, whatever keys are pressed or let go meanwhile. Off: the keys held decide at every moment of the drag.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "A drag keeps the navigation it started with",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "Mouse and 3D mouse rotate through both poles and preserve roll. Shift axis snapping is disabled.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "Free orbit",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "Mouse and 3D mouse rotate through both poles and preserve roll. Hold Shift during an orbit drag to snap the view direction and roll.",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "Join, New Body or Cut, from what the material touches.",
   "prefs.axes": "Axes",
   "prefs.axis": "Axis",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "Choose picture…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "Picture",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "Could not read the background picture",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "Relative rendering cost. More bars usually mean more work.",
   "prefs.blur_device": "Unavailable on this graphics device or rendering path",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "Blur quality was reduced to keep frames responsive. The radius is unchanged.",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "Eye beside the fold arrow",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "Browser rows show their show/hide eye next to the fold arrow, as before, instead of in a column at the right end of the rows.",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "Reveal on hover",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "Browser rows start closed",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "Placements and folders in the Browser start closed, so a design with many components shows its top-level rows. Each opens with its arrow, Expand All or Find in Browser, which opens just the rows down to its body and closes again the ones the last find opened. A body picked in the 3D view leaves the Browser as it is. When off, folders start open, placements start as Components start open says, and a pick in the 3D view opens the Browser down to its body, as before.",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "Shown keeps the browser on screen. Reveal on hover keeps it out of sight until the pointer comes over its place or the thin tab at its left edge, and it stays open while the pointer is inside it or a menu from it is open.",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "Shown",
   "prefs.built_in": "Built in",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "The two curved arrows at the cube's corner roll the view within the screen plane. On: the clockwise arrow rolls counterclockwise and the counterclockwise arrow rolls clockwise. Off: each arrow rolls the view the way it curls.",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "Invert the view cube rotation arrows",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "The arrows around the cube orbit the camera the way they point, as in Fusion and Inventor: the arrow on the left points right and swings the camera right. Off: an arrow rotates the cube toward the side it sits on, so the left arrow swings the camera left. The curved roll arrows are not affected.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "Still ask when the tab closes",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "With this off, the tab closes without the browser's box once every unsaved design's copy is current.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "Keep unsaved work in this browser",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "Each open design's unsaved changes are kept up to date in this browser's private storage. The next visit offers to restore them.",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "Keep dialogs and tools open when switching designs",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "Each design tab keeps its open dialog or tool, with what you picked and typed in it, and its toolbar tab. They are there again when you come back to the design. Off: switching designs cancels them and shows the Model tab.",
   "prefs.labels": "Labels",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "Card",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "Column",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "Hover",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "Switch panel menus on hover",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "Click a ribbon panel name to open its menu. Hover another panel name to switch. Move outside the ribbon and open menu to close it.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "Icons + labels",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "OK and Cancel",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "On hover",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "just now",
   "recovery.min_ago": "{count} min ago",
   "recovery.never_saved": "never saved",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "Open saved version",
+  "recovery.restore": "Restore",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "Changes that weren't saved when this page last closed are kept in this browser.",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}, changed {when}",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "Restore unsaved designs?",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "Restore unsaved design: {name}, changed {when}?",
   "refused.change": "Couldn't change {body}.",
   "refused.cut": "Couldn't cut {body}.",
   "refused.face_curved": "One of its curved faces can't be used for modelling.",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · Widescreen",
   "render.gpu_depth": "Maximum path depth",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "Samples, depth, seed and exposure are saved with this setup. Only the active image method is saved.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "SolidCraft closed while setting it up on this graphics adapter last time, most likely inside the graphics driver, so it is not set up again by itself. Choose CPU ray tracing instead, or try again (a driver update also tries again).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "GPU path tracer unavailable",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "The first setup on this GPU can take several minutes; SolidCraft stays usable meanwhile. Later starts reuse the compiled shaders where the driver keeps them.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "GPU path tracer: compiling shaders…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "Try again",
   "render.gpu_seed": "Random seed",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "GPU path tracing is not ready on this device.",
   "render.ground_apply": "Fit and save ground",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Sample Plate",
   "sample.vents.about": "Slots in a rectangular pattern: rows, columns and pitch are parameters",
   "sample.vents.name": "Vent Plate",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per axis",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniform",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter run     Shift+Enter run and keep open     Esc close",
   "search.commands": "Commands",
   "search.design": "In this design",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "3D Sketch",
   "ui.activate": "Activate",
   "ui.active_component": "Active component",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "Add to Quick Access",
   "ui.add_configuration": "Add configuration",
   "ui.add_parameter": "Add parameter",
   "ui.agent_chat": "Agent chat",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "Factor",
   "ui.fade": "Fade",
   "ui.fade_length": "Fade Length",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "Iterations",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "Keep edges",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "Strength",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "FAIR SURFACE",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "0.001 of body size",
   "ui.feature_history": "Feature history",
   "ui.feature_options": "Feature Options",
   "ui.features": "Features",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "Manipulator free drag also on Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "On: Alt/Option or Ctrl/Cmd on extrude / gizmo arrows disables value snapping. Off: Ctrl/Cmd only.",
   "ui.manufacture": "Manufacture",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "MATCH SURFACE",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "Material-local axes; no body orientation is assigned.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "Sources and licenses are unverified claims. Missing values remain unknown.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "Compressive strength",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "Options",
   "ui.orbit": "Orbit",
   "ui.orbit_around": "Orbit around",
+  "ui.organize": "Organize",
   "ui.orientation": "Orientation",
   "ui.origin": "Origin",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "Construction mode (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "Quality",
   "ui.quantity": "Quantity",
   "ui.quantity_2": "Quantity 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "The quick-access bar holds {count} commands; remove one to add another",
   "ui.quit": "Quit",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "Radial context menu",
   "ui.radius": "Radius",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "This component is not linked to a source design.",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "Select one linked component or one of its instances first.",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "Relink Source (All Instances)…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "Remove from Quick Access",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "Remove from Toolbar",
   "ui.removeSection": "Remove Section",
   "ui.render": "Render",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "Nothing to repeat yet: start a tool or dialog first.",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "The copies are now placements of the linked design.",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "Report a bug",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "{count} character left",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "{count} characters left",
   "ui.reset": "Reset",
   "ui.reset_all": "Reset All",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "Reset the settings on this page",

assets/locales/es.json

@@ -963,8 +963,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "Análisis de vista",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centro de masas",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Holgura",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Activar colores de componente",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Desactivar colores de componente",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Comparar cuerpos",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Comparar imagen",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Análisis de continuidad",
@@ -1394,6 +1392,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Calculando… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "no se pudo comprobar",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Eje personalizado",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "La cara o el vértice del modelo sobre el que se apoya el cilindro: haz clic aquí y después haz clic en él en la vista. Si se deja vacío, lo colocan X, Y y Z.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Haga doble clic en otra cota de control para insertar su nombre",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Cota: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "Bajar {step}",
@@ -1402,6 +1401,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "EDITAR {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "No hay cuerpo mostrado para cambiar: muestra uno, o elige Nuevo cuerpo",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Selecciona cuerpos o operaciones: un boceto no es ninguno. Repite sus curvas con el Patrón o Espejo del propio boceto, o extrúdelas primero.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "Un punto que rellena X, Y y Z: haz clic aquí y después en un vértice, una arista o una cara del modelo, en un punto de un boceto o en el origen.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "Una arista recta de la cara elegida desde la que se mide la distancia de abajo: haz clic aquí y después en la arista.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Seleccionar",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} seleccionados",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Restricción {id}",
@@ -4078,6 +4079,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Placa de ejemplo",
   "sample.vents.about": "Ranuras en un patrón rectangular: las filas, las columnas y el paso son parámetros",
   "sample.vents.name": "Placa de ventilación",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Por eje",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniforme",
   "search.command_keys": "Intro ejecutar     Mayús+Intro ejecutar y mantener abierto     Esc cerrar",
   "search.commands": "Comandos",
   "search.design": "En este diseño",

assets/locales/fi.json

@@ -964,8 +964,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "Näytä analyysi",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Massakeskipiste",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Välys",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Ota komponenttivärit käyttöön",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Poista komponenttivärit käytöstä",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Vertaa kappaleita",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Vertaa kuvaa",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Jatkuvuusanalyysi",
@@ -4079,6 +4077,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Esimerkkilevy",
   "sample.vents.about": "Urat suorakulmaisessa kuviossa: rivit, sarakkeet ja jako ovat parametreja",
   "sample.vents.name": "Tuuletuslevy",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Akseleittain",
+  "scale.uniform": "Tasainen",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter suorita     Shift+Enter suorita ja pidä auki     Esc sulje",
   "search.commands": "Komennot",
   "search.design": "Tässä mallissa",

assets/locales/fr.json

@@ -956,8 +956,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analyse d'accessibilité",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centre de gravité",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Jeu",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Activer les couleurs des composants",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Désactiver les couleurs des composants",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Comparer les corps",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Comparer les images",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analyse de continuité",
@@ -1365,11 +1363,14 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Calcul… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "non vérifiable",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Axe personnalisé",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "La face ou le sommet du modèle sur lequel le cylindre est posé : cliquer ici, puis dessus dans la vue. Laissé vide, X, Y et Z le placent.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Double-cliquez sur une autre cote pilotante pour insérer son nom",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Cote : {name}",
   "dialog.edit_title": "MODIFIER {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "Aucun corps affiché à modifier : affichez-en un ou choisissez Nouveau corps",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Choisissez des corps ou des fonctions : une esquisse n'est ni l'un ni l'autre. Répétez ses courbes avec la Répétition ou la Symétrie de l'esquisse, ou extrudez-la d'abord.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "Un point qui remplit X, Y et Z : cliquer ici, puis sur un sommet, une arête ou une face du modèle, sur un point d'une esquisse ou sur l'origine.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "Une arête droite de la face choisie, depuis laquelle la distance ci-dessous est mesurée : cliquer ici, puis sur l'arête.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Sélectionner",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} sélectionné(s)",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Contrainte {id}",
@@ -3001,9 +3002,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · Écran large",
   "render.gpu_depth": "Profondeur maximale des chemins",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "Les échantillons, la profondeur, la graine et l'exposition sont enregistrés avec ce préréglage. Seule la méthode d'image active est enregistrée.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "SolidCraft s’est fermé pendant sa dernière préparation sur cet adaptateur graphique, très probablement dans le pilote graphique ; il n’est donc plus préparé de lui-même. Utilisez le lancer de rayons sur le CPU, ou réessayez (une mise à jour du pilote réessaie aussi).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "Traceur de chemins GPU indisponible",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "La première initialisation sur ce GPU peut prendre plusieurs minutes ; SolidCraft reste utilisable pendant ce temps. Les démarrages suivants réutilisent les shaders compilés lorsque le pilote les conserve.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "Traceur de chemins GPU : compilation des shaders…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "Réessayer",
   "render.gpu_seed": "Graine aléatoire",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "Le tracé de chemins GPU n'est pas prêt sur cet appareil.",
   "render.ground_apply": "Ajuster et enregistrer le sol",
@@ -3811,6 +3814,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Plaque d'exemple",
   "sample.vents.about": "Rainures en répétition rectangulaire : lignes, colonnes et pas sont des paramètres",
   "sample.vents.name": "Plaque d'aération",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Par axe",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniforme",
   "search.command_keys": "Entrée exécuter     Maj+Entrée exécuter et garder ouvert     Échap fermer",
   "search.commands": "Commandes",
   "search.design": "Dans cette conception",

assets/locales/gl.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Análise de accesibilidade",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centro de masas",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Folga",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Activar as cores dos compoñentes",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Desactivar as cores dos compoñentes",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Comparar corpos",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Comparar a imaxe",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Análise de continuidade",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Placa de exemplo",
   "sample.vents.about": "Ranuras nun patrón rectangular: filas, columnas e paso son parámetros",
   "sample.vents.name": "Placa de ventilación",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Por eixo",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniforme",
   "search.command_keys": "Intro executar     Maiús+Intro executar e manter aberto     Esc pechar",
   "search.commands": "Ordes",
   "search.design": "Neste deseño",

assets/locales/he.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "השבתת התיקיות שנבחרו",
   "Suppressed": "מושבת",
   "Surface": "משטח",
+  "Surface or face": "משטח או פאה",
+  "Surface or faces": "משטח או פאות",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "משטח, או פאות להיפוך",
   "Surfaces": "משטחים",
   "Swap Ends": "החלפת קצוות",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "יעד",
   "Target Body": "גוף יעד",
   "Target Face (optional)": "פאת יעד (אופציונלי)",
+  "Target edges": "מקצועות יעד",
   "Tear": "קריעה",
   "Technical details": "פרטים טכניים",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "הסקיצה המקווקוות מסמנת מישור שמור. יש לבחור פאה חדשה כדי לתקן את ההצמדה.",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "הכיוון חייב להיות ציר או עקומת סקיצה ישרה הנמצאת במישור הסקיצה",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "אי אפשר לשקף גם את קו השיקוף עצמו",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "קו השיקוף חייב להיות עקומה ישרה של הסקיצה הזו, ולא אחד מצירי הראשית",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "ציר הראשית ניצב למישור הסקיצה, ולכן אין לו קו במישור",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "מופע היצירה השמור חסר. יש לבחור מיקום יצירה תקין לפני הקישור מחדש.",
   "Then": "אז",
   "These features will be deleted:": "הפיצ'רים הבאים יימחקו:",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "לעקוב אחר המצלמה",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "מעקב המצלמה האוטומטי כבוי.",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "המצלמה פונה אל הסקיצות שהסוכן יוצר.",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "הוראות מותאמות אישית",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "נשלחות לסוכן בתחילת כל צ'אט, אחרי ההוראות של SolidCraft עצמה: דרך העבודה המועדפת עליך וכללים שיש להקפיד עליהם. שינוי חל מהצ'אט הבא (התחברות או צ'אט חדש).",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "סוכני AI ב־SolidCraft.",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "לקבוע כברירת מחדל",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "אין עדיין סוכנים. אפשר להוסיף סוכן או לרענן כדי למצוא סוכנים מותקנים.",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "ניתוח תצוגה",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "מרכז מסה",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "מרווח",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "הפעלת צבעי רכיבים",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "ביטול צבעי רכיבים",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "צבעי רכיבים",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "השוואת גופים",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "השוואה לתמונת ייחוס",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "ניתוח רציפות",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "מחשב… {seconds} שנ'",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "לא ניתן היה לבדוק",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ ציר מותאם",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "הפאה או הקודקוד של המודל שעליהם הגליל ניצב: יש ללחוץ כאן ואז עליהם בתצוגה. אם נשאר ריק, X, Y ו-Z ממקמים אותו.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "יש ללחוץ על מידה מניעה אחרת כדי להוסיף את שמה",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "מידה: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "הפחתה ב־{step}",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "עריכת {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "אין גוף מוצג לשינוי: הציגו גוף, או בחרו „גוף חדש”",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "בחרו גופים או פיצ'רים: סקיצה אינה אף אחד מהם. חזרו על העקומות שלה בעזרת המערך או השיקוף של הסקיצה עצמה, או בצעו לה שליפה קודם.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "נקודה שממלאת את X, Y ו-Z: יש ללחוץ כאן ואז על קודקוד, מקצוע או פאה של המודל, על נקודה של סקיצה, או על הראשית.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "מקצוע ישר של הפאה שנבחרה שממנו נמדד המרחק שלמטה: יש ללחוץ כאן ואז על המקצוע.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ בחירה",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} נבחרו",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "אילוץ {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "גרירה אמצעית מסובבת, Shift וגרירה אמצעית מזיזים, Ctrl וגרירה אמצעית מבצעים זום; גרירה ימנית לא מזיזה את המצלמה",
   "nav.creo.help": "גרירה בלחצן האמצעי מסובבת את התצוגה, Shift והלחצן האמצעי מזיזים אותה, Ctrl וגרירה אנכית בלחצן האמצעי משנים את הזום (גרירה מטה להגדלה); גלילת הגלגלת משנה גם היא את הזום",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "גרירה בכפתור האמצעי או הימני ממשיכה לסובב, להזיז או לשנות זום כפי שהתחילה עד שמשחררים את הכפתור, בלי קשר למקשים שנלחצים או משתחררים בינתיים. כבוי: המקשים הלחוצים קובעים בכל רגע של הגרירה.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "גרירה שומרת על הניווט שבו התחילה",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "העכבר והעכבר התלת־ממדי מסובבים דרך שני הקטבים ושומרים על הגלגול. הצמדת הצירים עם Shift מושבתת.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "סיבוב חופשי",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "העכבר והעכבר התלת־ממדי מסובבים דרך שני הקטבים ושומרים על הגלגול. יש להחזיק את Shift בזמן גרירת סיבוב כדי להצמיד את כיוון התצוגה ואת הגלגול.",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "איחוד, גוף חדש או חיתוך, לפי מה שהחומר נוגע בו.",
   "prefs.axes": "צירים",
   "prefs.axis": "ציר",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "בחירת תמונה…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "תמונה",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "לא ניתן לקרוא את תמונת הרקע",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "עלות עיבוד יחסית. יותר פסים מציינים בדרך כלל יותר עבודה.",
   "prefs.blur_device": "לא זמין בהתקן הגרפי או בנתיב העיבוד הזה",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "איכות הטשטוש הופחתה כדי לשמור על תגובתיות הפריימים. הרדיוס לא השתנה.",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "סמל העין ליד חץ הקיפול",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "שורות עץ התכן מציגות את סמל העין ליד חץ הקיפול, כמו קודם, במקום בעמודה בקצה הימני של השורות.",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "הצגה בריחוף",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "שורות עץ התכן מוצגות סגורות",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "מיקומים ותיקיות בעץ התכן מוצגים סגורים, כך שתכן עם רכיבים רבים מציג את השורות העליונות שלו. כל שורה נפתחת בחץ שלה, ב„הרחבת הכול” או ב„איתור בעץ התכן”, שפותח רק את השורות שמובילות לגוף שלו וסוגר שוב את אלה שהאיתור הקודם פתח. גוף שנבחר בתצוגה התלת־ממדית משאיר את עץ התכן כפי שהוא. כשהאפשרות כבויה התיקיות מוצגות פתוחות, המיקומים מוצגים כפי שקובעת האפשרות „רכיבים פתוחים מההתחלה”, ובחירה בתצוגה התלת־ממדית פותחת את עץ התכן עד לגוף שלה, כמו קודם.",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "״מוצג״ משאיר את הדפדפן על המסך. ״הצגה בריחוף״ מסתיר אותו עד שהמצביע מגיע למקומו או ללשונית הדקה בקצהו השמאלי, והוא נשאר פתוח כל עוד המצביע בתוכו או שתפריט ממנו פתוח.",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "מוצג",
   "prefs.built_in": "מובנה",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "שני החצים המעוגלים בפינת הקובייה מסובבים את התצוגה במישור המסך. פועל: החץ עם כיוון השעון מסובב נגד כיוון השעון, והחץ נגד כיוון השעון מסובב עם כיוון השעון. כבוי: כל חץ מסובב את התצוגה לפי העקום שלו.",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "היפוך חצי סיבוב קוביית התצוגה",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "החצים סביב הקובייה מחוויים את המצלמה לכיוון שהחץ מצביע, כמו ב-Fusion ו-Inventor: החץ שמשמאל מצביע ימימה ומניע את המצלמה ימימה. כבוי: החץ מסובב את הקובייה אל הצד שבו הוא יושב, כך שחץ שמאל מניע את המצלמה שמאלה. חצי הגלילה המעוגלים אינם מושפעים.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "לשאול גם כשהכרטיסייה נסגרת",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "כשאפשרות זו כבויה, הכרטיסייה נסגרת ללא חלון הדפדפן לאחר שהעותק של כל תכן שלא נשמר עודכן.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "לשמור עבודה שלא נשמרה בדפדפן זה",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "השינויים שלא נשמרו בכל תכן פתוח נשמרים מעודכנים באחסון הפרטי של דפדפן זה. בביקור הבא תוצע שחזורם.",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "השארת תיבות דו־שיח וכלים פתוחים במעבר בין עיצובים",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "כל לשונית עיצוב שומרת את תיבת הדו־שיח או הכלי הפתוחים בה, עם מה שבחרת והקלדת בהם, ואת לשונית סרגל הכלים שלה. הם מחכים לך כשתחזור לעיצוב. כבוי: מעבר בין עיצובים מבטל אותם ומציג את הלשונית מודל.",
   "prefs.labels": "תוויות",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "כרטיס",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "עמודה",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "מעבר עכבר",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "מעבר בין תפריטי לוחות בריחוף",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "לחצו על שם לוח ברצועת הכלים כדי לפתוח את התפריט שלו. העבירו את הסמן מעל שם של לוח אחר כדי לעבור לתפריט שלו. הזיזו את הסמן אל מחוץ לרצועת הכלים ולתפריט הפתוח כדי לסגור אותו.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "סמלים + תוויות",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "אישור וביטול",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "בעת מעבר עכבר",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "זה עתה",
   "recovery.min_ago": "לפני {count} דק'",
   "recovery.never_saved": "לא נשמר מעולם",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "פתיחת הגרסה השמורה",
+  "recovery.restore": "שחזור",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "שינויים שלא נשמרו כשדף זה נסגר לאחרונה שמורים בדפדפן זה.",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}, שונה {when}",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "לשחזר תכנים שלא נשמרו?",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "לשחזר תכן שלא נשמר: {name}, שונה {when}?",
   "refused.change": "לא ניתן היה לשנות את {body}.",
   "refused.cut": "לא ניתן היה לחתוך את {body}.",
   "refused.face_curved": "אחת הפאות המעוקלות שלו אינה ניתנת לשימוש במידול.",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · רחב",
   "render.gpu_depth": "עומק מסלול מרבי",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "הדגימות, העומק, הזרע והחשיפה נשמרים עם ההגדרה הזאת. נשמרת רק שיטת התמונה הפעילה.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "SolidCraft נסגר בזמן ההכנה על מתאם גרפי זה בפעם הקודמת, ככל הנראה בתוך מנהל ההתקן הגרפי, ולכן ההכנה לא תתבצע שוב מעצמה. יש להשתמש במעקב קרניים על המעבד במקום זאת, או לנסות שוב (עדכון מנהל ההתקן גם מנסה שוב).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "מעקב המסלולים ב־GPU אינו זמין",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "ההגדרה הראשונה ב־GPU הזה עשויה להימשך כמה דקות; SolidCraft נשאר זמין לשימוש בינתיים. הפעלות מאוחרות יותר משתמשות שוב בשיידרים שהודרו, כשמנהל ההתקן שומר אותן.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "מעקב מסלולים ב־GPU: הידור שיידרים…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "לנסות שוב",
   "render.gpu_seed": "זרע אקראי",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "מעקב מסלולים ב־GPU אינו מוכן במכשיר הזה.",
   "render.ground_apply": "התאמת הקרקע ושמירתה",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "לוח לדוגמה",
   "sample.vents.about": "חריצים במערך מלבני: מספר השורות, מספר העמודות והפסיעה הם פרמטרים",
   "sample.vents.name": "לוח אוורור",
+  "scale.per_axis": "לפי ציר",
+  "scale.uniform": "אחיד",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter הרצה     Shift+Enter הרצה והשארה פתוח     Esc סגירה",
   "search.commands": "פקודות",
   "search.design": "בתכן זה",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "סקיצה תלת־ממדית",
   "ui.activate": "הפעלה",
   "ui.active_component": "רכיב פעיל",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "הוספה לגישה מהירה",
   "ui.add_configuration": "הוספת תצורה",
   "ui.add_parameter": "הוספת פרמטר",
   "ui.agent_chat": "צ'אט עם סוכן",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "מקדם",
   "ui.fade": "דעיכה",
   "ui.fade_length": "אורך דעיכה",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "מספר איטרציות",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "שמירה על המקצועות",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "עוצמה",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "החלקת משטח",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "0.001 מגודל הגוף",
   "ui.feature_history": "ציר הזמן",
   "ui.feature_options": "אפשרויות פיצ'ר",
   "ui.features": "פיצ'רים",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "גרירה חופשית של הידית גם עם Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "פעיל: Alt/Option או Ctrl/Cmd על חיצי השליפה / הידית מבטלים הצמדת ערכים. כבוי: Ctrl/Cmd בלבד.",
   "ui.manufacture": "ייצור",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "התאמת משטח",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "צירים מקומיים של החומר; לא הוגדרה אוריינטציה לגוף.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "המקורות והרישיונות הם טענות שלא אומתו. ערכים חסרים נשארים לא ידועים.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "חוזק לחיצה",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "אפשרויות",
   "ui.orbit": "סיבוב מבט",
   "ui.orbit_around": "סיבוב מבט סביב",
+  "ui.organize": "ארגון",
   "ui.orientation": "אוריינטציה",
   "ui.origin": "ראשית",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "מצב עזר (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "איכות",
   "ui.quantity": "כמות",
   "ui.quantity_2": "כמות 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "סרגל הגישה המהירה מכיל {count} פקודות; יש להסיר אחת כדי להוסיף אחרת",
   "ui.quit": "יציאה",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "תפריט הקשר מעגלי",
   "ui.radius": "רדיוס",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "רכיב זה אינו מקושר לתכן מקור.",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "יש לבחור תחילה רכיב מקושר אחד או אחד המופעים שלו.",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "קישור מחדש למקור (כל המופעים)…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "הסרה מהגישה המהירה",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "הסרה מסרגל הכלים",
   "ui.removeSection": "הסרת מקטע",
   "ui.render": "הדמיה",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "אין עדיין מה לחזור עליו: התחל קודם כלי או תיבת דו־שיח.",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "העותקים הם עכשיו מיקומים של התכן המקושר.",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "דיווח על באג",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "תווים שנותרו: {count}",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "תווים שנותרו: {count}",
   "ui.reset": "איפוס",
   "ui.reset_all": "איפוס הכול",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "איפוס ההגדרות בדף זה",

assets/locales/hr.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analiza dostupnosti",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Središte mase",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Provjera zazora",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Omogući boje komponenti",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Onemogući boje komponenti",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Usporedi tijela",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Usporedi sliku",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analiza kontinuiteta",

assets/locales/hu.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Hozzáférhetőség-elemzés",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Tömegközéppont",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Hézag",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Komponensszínek bekapcsolása",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Komponensszínek kikapcsolása",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Testek összehasonlítása",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Kép összehasonlítása",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Folytonosságelemzés",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Mintalemez",
   "sample.vents.about": "Hornyok téglalap mintában: a sorok, oszlopok és osztás paraméterek",
   "sample.vents.name": "Szellőzőlemez",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Tengelyenként",
+  "scale.uniform": "Egyenletes",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter futtatás     Shift+Enter futtatás és nyitva tartás     Esc bezárás",
   "search.commands": "Parancsok",
   "search.design": "Ebben a tervben",

assets/locales/id.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analisis Aksesibilitas",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Pusat Massa",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Kelonggaran",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Aktifkan Warna Komponen",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Nonaktifkan Warna Komponen",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Bandingkan Bodi",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Bandingkan dengan Gambar",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analisis Kontinuitas",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Pelat Contoh",
   "sample.vents.about": "Slot dalam pola persegi panjang: baris, kolom, dan pitch adalah parameter",
   "sample.vents.name": "Pelat Ventilasi",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per sumbu",
+  "scale.uniform": "Seragam",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter jalankan     Shift+Enter jalankan dan tetap buka     Esc tutup",
   "search.commands": "Perintah",
   "search.design": "Di desain ini",

assets/locales/it.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analisi di accessibilità",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centro di massa",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Distanza libera",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Attiva colori dei componenti",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Disattiva colori dei componenti",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Confronta corpi",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Confronta immagine",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analisi di continuità",
@@ -1366,11 +1364,14 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Calcolo in corso… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "impossibile verificare",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Asse personalizzato",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "La faccia o il vertice del modello su cui poggia il cilindro: fai clic qui, poi su di esso nella vista. Se resta vuoto, lo posizionano X, Y e Z.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Fai doppio clic su un’altra quota di controllo per inserirne il nome",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Quota: {name}",
   "dialog.edit_title": "MODIFICA {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "Nessun corpo visibile da modificare: mostrane uno o scegli Nuovo corpo",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Seleziona corpi o lavorazioni: uno schizzo non è nessuno dei due. Ripeti le sue curve con Ripetizione o Specchia dello schizzo stesso, oppure estrudilo prima.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "Un punto che compila X, Y e Z: fai clic qui, poi su un vertice, uno spigolo o una faccia del modello, su un punto di uno schizzo oppure sull'origine.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "Uno spigolo rettilineo della faccia scelta da cui si misura la distanza sotto: fai clic qui, poi sullo spigolo.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Seleziona",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ Selezionati: {count}",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Vincolo {id}",
@@ -3812,6 +3813,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Piastra di esempio",
   "sample.vents.about": "Asole in ripetizione rettangolare: righe, colonne e passo sono parametri",
   "sample.vents.name": "Piastra di ventilazione",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per asse",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniforme",
   "search.command_keys": "Invio esegui     Maiusc+Invio esegui e tieni aperto     Esc chiudi",
   "search.commands": "Comandi",
   "search.design": "In questo progetto",

assets/locales/ja.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "選択したフォルダーを抑制",
   "Suppressed": "抑制",
   "Surface": "サーフェス",
+  "Surface or face": "サーフェスまたは面",
+  "Surface or faces": "サーフェスまたは面",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "サーフェス、または裏返す面",
   "Surfaces": "サーフェス",
   "Swap Ends": "端点を入れ替え",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "ターゲット",
   "Target Body": "ターゲットボディ",
   "Target Face (optional)": "対象面 (オプション)",
+  "Target edges": "ターゲットのエッジ",
   "Tear": "引き裂き",
   "Technical details": "技術情報",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "破線のスケッチは保存された平面ガイドです。新しい面を選択してアタッチメントを修復してください。",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "方向は、軸、またはスケッチ平面上にある直線のスケッチ曲線にしてください",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "ミラー線自体をミラーすることはできません",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "ミラー線は、原点の軸ではなく、このスケッチの直線にしてください",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "原点軸はスケッチ平面に垂直なため、平面内に線がありません",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "保存された作成元のオカレンスが見つかりません。再バインドする前に有効な作成元配置を選択してください。",
   "Then": "次を実行 (Then)",
   "These features will be deleted:": "以下のフィーチャーが削除されます:",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "カメラを追従",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "カメラの自動追従はオフです。",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "エージェントが作成するスケッチにカメラを向けます。",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "カスタム指示",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "各チャットの開始時に、SolidCraft 自身の指示の後に続けてエージェントへ送られます。作業の進め方や守ってほしいルールを書いてください。変更は次のチャット（接続または新しいチャット）から適用されます。",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "SolidCraftのAIエージェント。",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "既定にする",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "エージェントはまだありません。追加するか、更新してインストール済みのエージェントを検索してください。",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "表示解析",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "重心",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "クリアランス",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "コンポーネントの色分けを有効化",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "コンポーネントの色分けを無効化",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "コンポーネントの色分け",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "ボディを比較",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "参考画像と比較",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "連続性解析",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "計算中… {seconds} 秒",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "チェックできません",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ カスタム軸",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "円柱が立つモデルの面または頂点: ここをクリックしてから、ビューでそれをクリック。空のままなら X、Y、Z で配置します。",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "別の駆動寸法をクリックして名前を挿入",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "寸法: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "{step} 減らす",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "{title}を編集",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "変更できる表示中のボディがありません。ボディを表示するか、新規ボディを選択してください",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "ボディかフィーチャーを選んでください。スケッチはどちらでもありません。曲線はスケッチ内のパターンかミラーで繰り返すか、先に押し出してください。",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "X、Y、Z を埋める点: ここをクリックしてから、モデルの頂点、エッジ、面、スケッチの点、または原点をクリック。",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "下の距離を測る基準となる、選んだ面の直線エッジ: ここをクリックしてからエッジをクリック。",
   "dialog.select": "↖ 選択",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} 個選択中",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "拘束 {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "中ドラッグで回転、Shift+中ドラッグでパン、Ctrl+中ドラッグでズーム。右ドラッグではカメラは動きません。",
   "nav.creo.help": "マウスの中ボタンドラッグで回転、Shift+中ボタンで平行移動、Ctrl+中ボタンの上下ドラッグでズーム（下方向で拡大）。ホイールの回転でもズーム",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "中ボタンまたは右ボタンのドラッグは、途中でキーを押したり離したりしても、ボタンを離すまで開始時の回転・パン・ズームを続けます。オフにすると、ドラッグ中の各時点で押しているキーによって決まります。",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "ドラッグは開始時のナビゲーションを維持",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "マウスと3Dマウスで、極点を越えて回転し、ロールを保ちます。\nShiftによる軸スナップは無効になります。",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "自由回転",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "マウスと3Dマウスで両極を越えて回転でき、ロールも保持されます。オービットのドラッグ中にShiftを押すと、視線方向とロールがスナップします。",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "材料が接触する対象に応じて結合、新規ボディ、切り取りを選びます。",
   "prefs.axes": "軸",
   "prefs.axis": "軸",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "画像を選択…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "画像",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "背景画像を読み込めませんでした",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "相対的な描画負荷です。バーが多いほど、通常は処理量が増えます。",
   "prefs.blur_device": "このグラフィックスデバイスまたは描画経路では利用できません",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "画面の応答性を保つため、ぼかしの品質を下げました。半径は変更されていません。",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "折りたたみ矢印の隣の目のアイコン",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "ブラウザーの各行の表示切り替えを、行の右端の列ではなく、以前のように折りたたみ矢印の隣に表示します。",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "ホバーで表示",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "ブラウザーの行を閉じた状態で始める",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "ブラウザーの配置とフォルダーを閉じた状態で表示するため、多数のコンポーネントを含むデザインでは最上位の行だけが表示されます。各行は矢印、「すべて展開」または「ブラウザで検索」で開きます。「ブラウザで検索」はボディまでの行だけを開き、前回の検索で開いた行を再び閉じます。3Dビューでボディを選んでもブラウザーはそのままです。オフのときはフォルダーが開いた状態で始まり、配置は「コンポーネントを最初から展開」の設定に従い、3Dビューで選ぶとブラウザーがそのボディまで開きます（以前と同じ）。",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "「表示」はブラウザーを常に画面に表示します。「ホバーで表示」はポインターがその位置か左端の細いタブに来るまで隠し、ポインターが中にある間やそのメニューが開いている間は表示したままにします。",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "表示",
   "prefs.built_in": "組み込み",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "キューブの隅にある2つのカーブした矢印は、画面内でビューをロールします。オン: 時計回りの矢印が反時計回りに、反時計回りの矢印が時計回りにロールします。オフ: 各矢印は、そのカーブの向きにビューをロールします。",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "ビューキューブの回転矢印を反転",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "キューブの周りの矢印が、矢印の指す方向にカメラを回します（Fusion や Inventor と同じ動き）：左の矢印は右を指し、カメラを右に振ります。オフ: 矢印は、そのある面の方へキューブを回すため、左の矢印はカメラを左に振ります。カーブしたロール矢印は影響を受けません。",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "タブを閉じるときにも確認する",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "オフにすると、未保存の各デザインのコピーが最新であれば、ブラウザーの確認なしでタブが閉じます。",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "未保存の作業をこのブラウザーに保持する",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "開いている各デザインの未保存の変更を、このブラウザーのプライベートストレージに常に最新の状態で保持します。次回のアクセス時に復元を提案します。",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "デザインを切り替えてもダイアログとツールを開いたままにする",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "各デザインのタブが、開いているダイアログまたはツール（選択や入力した内容を含む）とツールバーのタブを保持します。デザインに戻ると元のまま表示されます。オフ: デザインを切り替えるとそれらはキャンセルされ、モデル タブが表示されます。",
   "prefs.labels": "ラベル",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "カード",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "列",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "ホバー時",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "ポイントしてパネルメニューを切り替える",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "リボンのパネル名をクリックしてメニューを開きます。別のパネル名にポインターを合わせると切り替わります。リボンと開いているメニューの外に移動すると閉じます。",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "アイコン＋ラベル",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "OK とキャンセル",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "ホバー時",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "たった今",
   "recovery.min_ago": "{count}分前",
   "recovery.never_saved": "未保存",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "保存済みのバージョンを開く",
+  "recovery.restore": "復元",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "このページを前回閉じたときに保存されていなかった変更は、このブラウザーに保持されています。",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}、{when}に変更",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "未保存のデザインを復元しますか？",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "未保存のデザイン {name}（{when}に変更）を復元しますか？",
   "refused.change": "{body} を変更できませんでした。",
   "refused.cut": "{body} をカットできませんでした。",
   "refused.face_curved": "曲面の 1 つがモデリングに使えません。",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · ワイドスクリーン",
   "render.gpu_depth": "最大パス深度",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "サンプル数、深度、シード、露出をこの設定に保存します。保存するのは選択中の画像方式だけです。",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "前回このグラフィックアダプターでの準備中に SolidCraft が終了しました。グラフィックドライバー内で終了した可能性が高いため、自動では再度準備しません。代わりに CPU レイトレーシングを使うか、もう一度試してください（ドライバーを更新した場合も再試行されます）。",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "GPUパストレーサーを利用できません",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "このGPUでの初回セットアップには数分かかることがあります。その間もSolidCraftは使用できます。以降の起動では、ドライバーが保持していればコンパイル済みのシェーダーを再利用します。",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "GPUパストレーサー：シェーダーをコンパイル中…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "もう一度試す",
   "render.gpu_seed": "乱数シード",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "このデバイスでは GPU パストレーシングの準備ができていません。",
   "render.ground_apply": "床をフィットして保存",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "サンプル プレート",
   "sample.vents.about": "矩形パターンに並んだスロット: 行数、列数、ピッチはパラメータ",
   "sample.vents.name": "通気プレート",
+  "scale.per_axis": "軸ごと",
+  "scale.uniform": "均等",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter 実行     Shift+Enter 実行して開いたままにする     Esc 閉じる",
   "search.commands": "コマンド",
   "search.design": "このデザイン内",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "3D スケッチ",
   "ui.activate": "アクティブ化",
   "ui.active_component": "アクティブなコンポーネント",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "クイックアクセスに追加",
   "ui.add_configuration": "構成を追加",
   "ui.add_parameter": "パラメーターを追加",
   "ui.agent_chat": "エージェントチャット",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "倍率",
   "ui.fade": "切り上げ",
   "ui.fade_length": "切り上げ長さ",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "反復回数",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "エッジを保持",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "強度",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "サーフェスフェアリング",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "ボディサイズの 0.001 倍",
   "ui.feature_history": "フィーチャー履歴",
   "ui.feature_options": "フィーチャーオプション",
   "ui.features": "フィーチャー",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "マニピュレータのフリードラッグを Alt/Option でも有効",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "オン: 押し出し/ギズモ矢印で Alt/Option または Ctrl/Cmd が値スナップを無効にします。オフ: Ctrl/Cmd のみ。",
   "ui.manufacture": "製造",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "サーフェス一致",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "材料ローカル軸。ボディの方向は割り当てません。",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "出典とライセンスの申告は未確認です。欠落値は不明のままです。",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "圧縮強度",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "オプション",
   "ui.orbit": "回転",
   "ui.orbit_around": "回転中心",
+  "ui.organize": "整理",
   "ui.orientation": "向き",
   "ui.origin": "原点",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "補助線モード (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "品質",
   "ui.quantity": "数量",
   "ui.quantity_2": "数量 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "クイックアクセスバーに置けるコマンドは {count} 個までです。追加するには 1 つ削除してください",
   "ui.quit": "終了",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "パイ メニュー",
   "ui.radius": "半径",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "このコンポーネントは参照元の設計にリンクされていません。",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "リンクされたコンポーネントまたはそのインスタンスを1つ選択してください。",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "参照元を再リンク（すべてのインスタンス）…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "クイックアクセスから削除",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "ツールバーから削除",
   "ui.removeSection": "セクションを解除",
   "ui.render": "レンダリング",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "まだ繰り返すものがありません。先にツールかダイアログを開始してください。",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "コピーはリンクされたデザインの配置になりました。",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "不具合を報告",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "残り {count} 文字",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "残り {count} 文字",
   "ui.reset": "リセット",
   "ui.reset_all": "すべてリセット",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "このページの設定をリセット",

assets/locales/ka.json

@@ -963,8 +963,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "ანალიზის ნახვა",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "მასის ცენტრი",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "ღრეჩო",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "კომპონენტების ფერების ჩართვა",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "კომპონენტების ფერების გამორთვა",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "კომპონენტების ფერები",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "სხეულების შედარება",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "სურათთან შედარება",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "უწყვეტობის ანალიზი",

assets/locales/ko.json

@@ -544,6 +544,8 @@
   "Suppress": "비활성화",
   "Suppressed": "억제됨",
   "Surface": "곡면",
+  "Surface or face": "곡면 또는 면",
+  "Surface or faces": "곡면 또는 면",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "곡면 또는 뒤집을 면",
   "Surfaces": "곡면",
   "Swap Ends": "양 끝 바꾸기",
@@ -555,6 +557,7 @@
   "Target": "대상",
   "Target Body": "대상 바디",
   "Target Face (optional)": "대상 면 (선택 사항)",
+  "Target edges": "대상 모서리",
   "Tear": "찢김",
   "Technical details": "기술 세부 정보",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "점선 스케치는 저장된 평면 가이드입니다. 새 면을 선택하여 부착을 복구하세요.",
@@ -1206,6 +1209,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "계산 중… {seconds}초",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "확인할 수 없음",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ 사용자 정의 축",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "원기둥이 놓일 모델의 면 또는 꼭짓점: 여기를 클릭한 다음 뷰에서 그것을 클릭. 비워 두면 X, Y, Z로 배치합니다.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "다른 구동 치수를 두 번 클릭하여 이름 삽입",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "치수: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "{step} 줄이기",
@@ -1213,6 +1217,8 @@
   "dialog.dimension_step_up": "{step} 늘리기",
   "dialog.edit_title": "{title} 편집",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "바디나 피처를 선택하세요. 스케치는 둘 다 아닙니다. 곡선은 스케치 안의 패턴이나 대칭 복사로 반복하거나, 먼저 돌출하세요.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "X, Y, Z를 채우는 점: 여기를 클릭한 다음 모델의 꼭짓점, 모서리, 면, 스케치의 점 또는 원점을 클릭.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "아래 거리를 재는 기준이 되는, 선택한 면의 직선 모서리: 여기를 클릭한 다음 모서리를 클릭.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ 선택",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count}개 선택됨",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "구속 조건 {id}",
@@ -1465,6 +1471,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "가운데 드래그는 회전, Shift+가운데 드래그는 이동, Ctrl+가운데 드래그는 확대/축소입니다. 오른쪽 드래그는 카메라에 영향을 주지 않습니다",
   "nav.creo.help": "가운데 버튼을 끌면 회전, Shift+가운데 버튼은 이동, Ctrl+가운데 버튼을 위아래로 끌면 확대/축소합니다(아래로 끌면 확대). 휠을 굴려도 확대/축소합니다",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "가운데 또는 오른쪽 버튼 드래그는 도중에 키를 누르거나 떼어도 버튼을 놓을 때까지 시작할 때의 회전, 이동 또는 확대/축소를 계속합니다. 끄면 드래그하는 동안 누르고 있는 키가 매 순간 결정합니다.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "드래그는 시작할 때의 탐색 방식을 유지",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "마우스와 3D 마우스로 롤을 유지하며 양 극점을 넘어 회전합니다. Shift 축 스냅은 비활성화됩니다.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "자유 회전",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "마우스와 3D 마우스로 양쪽 극점을 지나 회전할 수 있으며 롤 각도가 유지됩니다. 궤도 회전 드래그 중 Shift를 누르면 보기 방향과 롤 각도가 스냅됩니다.",
@@ -1685,6 +1693,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_components_open_note": "브라우저의 모든 구성요소가 이전처럼 펼쳐진 상태로 시작합니다. 끄면 직접 펼칠 때까지 접혀 있습니다.",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "접기 화살표 옆의 눈 아이콘",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "브라우저 행의 표시 아이콘을 행 오른쪽 끝의 열이 아니라 이전처럼 접기 화살표 옆에 표시합니다.",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "브라우저 행을 접힌 상태로 시작",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "브라우저의 배치와 폴더가 접힌 상태로 시작하므로, 컴포넌트가 많은 디자인은 최상위 행만 보여 줍니다. 각 행은 화살표, '모두 펼치기' 또는 '브라우저에서 찾기'로 엽니다. '브라우저에서 찾기'는 바디까지의 행만 열고, 지난번 찾기로 연 행은 다시 접습니다. 3D 뷰에서 바디를 골라도 브라우저는 그대로입니다. 끄면 폴더가 펼친 상태로 시작하고, 배치는 '구성요소를 펼친 상태로 시작' 설정을 따르며, 3D 뷰에서 고르면 브라우저가 그 바디까지 열립니다(이전과 같음).",
   "prefs.built_in": "기본 제공",
   "prefs.button_left": "왼쪽 드래그",
   "prefs.button_middle": "가운데 드래그",
@@ -1808,6 +1818,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "카드",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "열",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "마우스를 올릴 때",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "포인터를 올려 패널 메뉴 전환",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "리본의 패널 이름을 클릭하여 메뉴를 엽니다. 다른 패널 이름에 포인터를 올리면 메뉴가 전환됩니다. 리본과 열린 메뉴 밖으로 포인터를 이동하면 메뉴가 닫힙니다.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "아이콘 + 레이블",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "확인과 취소",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "마우스를 올릴 때",
@@ -2952,6 +2964,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "샘플 플레이트",
   "sample.vents.about": "직사각형 패턴의 슬롯: 행, 열, 피치가 매개변수",
   "sample.vents.name": "통풍 플레이트",
+  "scale.per_axis": "축별",
+  "scale.uniform": "균일",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter 실행     Shift+Enter 실행 후 열어 두기     Esc 닫기",
   "search.commands": "명령",
   "search.design": "이 디자인에서",
@@ -3717,6 +3731,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "배율",
   "ui.fade": "페이드",
   "ui.fade_length": "페이드 길이",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "반복 횟수",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "모서리 유지",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "강도",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "서피스 페어링",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "바디 크기의 0.001배",
   "ui.feature_history": "피처 기록",
   "ui.feature_options": "피처 옵션",
   "ui.features": "피처",
@@ -3916,6 +3935,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "Alt/Option으로도 매니퓰레이터 자유 드래그",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "켬: 돌출 / 기즈모 화살표에서 Alt/Option 또는 Ctrl/Cmd를 누르면 값 스냅이 해제됩니다. 끔: Ctrl/Cmd만 해당.",
   "ui.manufacture": "제조",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "서피스 일치",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "재료 로컬 축입니다. 바디 방향을 지정하지 않습니다.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "출처와 라이선스는 검증되지 않은 주장입니다. 누락된 값은 알 수 없는 상태로 유지됩니다.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "압축 강도",
@@ -3975,6 +3995,7 @@
   "ui.options": "옵션",
   "ui.orbit": "회전",
   "ui.orbit_around": "궤도 회전 기준",
+  "ui.organize": "정리",
   "ui.orientation": "배향",
   "ui.origin": "원점",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "보조선 모드 (X)",

assets/locales/ms.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analisis Kebolehcapaian",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Pusat Jisim",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Kelegaan",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Aktifkan Warna Komponen",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Nyahaktifkan Warna Komponen",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Bandingkan Jasad",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Banding dengan Imej",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analisis Keselanjaran",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Plat Contoh",
   "sample.vents.about": "Corak slot segi empat tepat: baris, lajur dan pic sebagai parameter",
   "sample.vents.name": "Plat Pengudaraan",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Mengikut paksi",
+  "scale.uniform": "Seragam",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter jalankan     Shift+Enter jalankan dan kekalkan terbuka     Esc tutup",
   "search.commands": "Arahan",
   "search.design": "Dalam reka bentuk ini",

assets/locales/nb.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Tilgjengelighetsanalyse",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Massesenter",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Klaring",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Aktiver komponentfarger",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Deaktiver komponentfarger",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Sammenlign kropper",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Sammenlign bilde",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Kontinuitetsanalyse",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Eksempelplate",
   "sample.vents.about": "Spor i et rektangulært mønster: rader, kolonner og stigning er parametere",
   "sample.vents.name": "Ventilasjonsplate",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per akse",
+  "scale.uniform": "Jevn",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter kjør     Shift+Enter kjør og behold åpen     Esc lukk",
   "search.commands": "Kommandoer",
   "search.design": "I dette designet",

assets/locales/nl.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Toegankelijkheidsanalyse",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Zwaartepunt",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Speling",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Componentkleuren inschakelen",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Componentkleuren uitschakelen",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Lichamen vergelijken",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Afbeelding vergelijken",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Continuïteitsanalyse",
@@ -3820,6 +3818,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Voorbeeldplaat",
   "sample.vents.about": "Sleuven in een rechthoekig patroon: rijen, kolommen en spoed zijn parameters",
   "sample.vents.name": "Ventilatieplaat",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per as",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniform",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter uitvoeren     Shift+Enter uitvoeren en open houden     Esc sluiten",
   "search.commands": "Opdrachten",
   "search.design": "In dit ontwerp",

assets/locales/pending/agent-http-consent.json

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "en": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "Allow insecure HTTP",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "Allow for this endpoint",
+    "ai.http.warning": "The API key and conversation will be sent unencrypted. Anyone with access to the network may read or change them. Use this only on a network you trust."
+  },
+  "ar": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "السماح باتصال HTTP غير آمن",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "السماح لهذه النقطة الطرفية",
+    "ai.http.warning": "سيُرسَل مفتاح API والمحادثة دون تشفير. يمكن لأي شخص لديه وصول إلى الشبكة قراءتهما أو تغييرهما. استخدم هذا الخيار فقط على شبكة تثق بها."
+  },
+  "de": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "Unsicheres HTTP erlauben",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "Für diesen Endpunkt erlauben",
+    "ai.http.warning": "Der API-Schlüssel und die Unterhaltung werden unverschlüsselt gesendet. Jeder mit Zugriff auf das Netzwerk kann sie lesen oder verändern. Verwenden Sie dies nur in einem vertrauenswürdigen Netzwerk."
+  },
+  "he": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "אפשר HTTP לא מאובטח",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "אפשר עבור נקודת קצה זו",
+    "ai.http.warning": "מפתח ה־API והשיחה יישלחו ללא הצפנה. כל מי שיש לו גישה לרשת יכול לקרוא או לשנות אותם. יש להשתמש באפשרות זו רק ברשת מהימנה."
+  },
+  "ja": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "安全でない HTTP を許可",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "このエンドポイントで許可",
+    "ai.http.warning": "API キーと会話は暗号化されずに送信されます。ネットワークにアクセスできる人は、内容を読み取ったり改ざんしたりする可能性があります。信頼できるネットワークでのみ使用してください。"
+  },
+  "ko": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "보안되지 않은 HTTP 허용",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "이 엔드포인트에 허용",
+    "ai.http.warning": "API 키와 대화가 암호화되지 않은 상태로 전송됩니다. 네트워크에 접근할 수 있는 누구나 이를 읽거나 변경할 수 있습니다. 신뢰하는 네트워크에서만 사용하세요."
+  },
+  "vi": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "Cho phép HTTP không bảo mật",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "Cho phép với điểm cuối này",
+    "ai.http.warning": "Khóa API và cuộc trò chuyện sẽ được gửi mà không mã hóa. Bất kỳ ai có quyền truy cập mạng đều có thể đọc hoặc thay đổi chúng. Chỉ sử dụng trên mạng mà bạn tin cậy."
+  },
+  "zh": {
+    "ai.http.allow": "允许不安全的 HTTP",
+    "ai.http.confirm": "允许此端点",
+    "ai.http.warning": "API 密钥和对话将以未加密的方式发送。任何能够访问该网络的人都可能读取或篡改它们。请仅在可信网络上使用。"
+  }
+}

assets/locales/pending/newer-file-opens.json

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "en": {
-    "document.newer_file": "Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {format}, this version reads up to {reads}). If something's missing, update.",
-    "document.newer_file_change": "Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {format} with `{change}`, which this version doesn't know). If something's missing, update.",
-    "document.newer_file_not_read": "Not read: {what}. Saving keeps it."
-  }
-}

assets/locales/pl.json

@@ -934,8 +934,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analiza dostępności",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Środek masy",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Prześwit",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Włącz kolory komponentów",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Wyłącz kolory komponentów",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Porównaj bryły",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analiza ciągłości",
   "cmd.inspect_curvature_comb": "Analiza grzebienia krzywizny",

assets/locales/pt-BR.json

@@ -1408,6 +1408,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Placa de exemplo",
   "sample.vents.about": "Rasgos em padrão retangular: linhas, colunas e passo são parâmetros",
   "sample.vents.name": "Placa de ventilação",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Por eixo",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniforme",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter executar     Shift+Enter executar e manter aberto     Esc fechar",
   "search.commands": "Comandos",
   "search.design": "Neste projeto",

assets/locales/ro.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Analiza accesibilității",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Centru de masă",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Joc",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Activează culorile componentelor",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Dezactivează culorile componentelor",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Compară corpurile",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Compară imaginea",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Analiza continuității",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Placă exemplu",
   "sample.vents.about": "Canale într-o matrice dreptunghiulară: rândurile, coloanele și pasul sunt parametri",
   "sample.vents.name": "Placă de ventilație",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Pe axe",
+  "scale.uniform": "Uniform",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter execută     Shift+Enter execută și păstrează deschis     Esc închide",
   "search.commands": "Comenzi",
   "search.design": "În acest proiect",

assets/locales/ru.json

@@ -647,6 +647,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "Направление должно быть осью или прямолинейной кривой эскиза, лежащей в плоскости эскиза",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "Линию зеркала нельзя одновременно отражать",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "Линия зеркала должна быть прямолинейной кривой этого эскиза, а не осью начала координат",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "Ось начала координат перпендикулярна плоскости эскиза, поэтому линии в этой плоскости нет",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "Сохранённое исходное вхождение отсутствует. Выберите корректное исходное положение перед перепривязкой.",
   "Then": "Затем",
   "These features will be deleted:": "Эти операции будут удалены:",
@@ -956,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Анализ доступности",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Центр масс",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Зазор",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Включить цвета компонентов",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Отключить цвета компонентов",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Сравнить тела",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Сравнить с изображением",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Анализ непрерывности",
@@ -3752,6 +3751,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Образец пластины",
   "sample.vents.about": "Пазы в прямоугольном массиве: число рядов, столбцов и шаг заданы параметрами",
   "sample.vents.name": "Вентиляционная пластина",
+  "scale.per_axis": "По осям",
+  "scale.uniform": "Равномерно",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter выполнить     Shift+Enter выполнить и оставить открытым     Esc закрыть",
   "search.commands": "Команды",
   "search.design": "В этом дизайне",

assets/locales/sr.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Анализа доступности",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Центар масе",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Провера зазора",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Омогући боје компоненти",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Онемогући боје компоненти",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Упореди тела",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Упореди слику",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Анализа континуитета",

assets/locales/sv.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Tillgänglighetsanalys",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Masscentrum",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Frigång",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Aktivera komponentfärger",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Inaktivera komponentfärger",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Jämför kroppar",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Jämför bild",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Kontinuitetsanalys",
@@ -3810,6 +3808,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Exempelplatta",
   "sample.vents.about": "Spår i ett rektangulärt mönster: rader, kolumner och delning är parametrar",
   "sample.vents.name": "Ventilationsplatta",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Per axel",
+  "scale.uniform": "Likformig",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter kör     Shift+Enter kör och behåll öppen     Esc stäng",
   "search.commands": "Kommandon",
   "search.design": "I denna konstruktion",

assets/locales/tr.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "Erişilebilirlik analizi",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Kütle merkezi",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Açıklık",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Bileşen Renklerini Etkinleştir",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Bileşen Renklerini Devre Dışı Bırak",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Gövdeleri karşılaştır",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Görüntüyle karşılaştır",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Süreklilik kontrolü",
@@ -3809,6 +3807,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Örnek plaka",
   "sample.vents.about": "Dikdörtgen desende yuvalar: satırlar, sütunlar ve aralık parametredir",
   "sample.vents.name": "Havalandırma plakası",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Eksen başına",
+  "scale.uniform": "Tekdüze",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter çalıştır     Shift+Enter çalıştır ve açık tut     Esc kapat",
   "search.commands": "Komutlar",
   "search.design": "Bu tasarımda",

assets/locales/uk.json

@@ -963,8 +963,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "Перегляд аналізу",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Центр мас",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Зазор",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Увімкнути кольори компонентів",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Вимкнути кольори компонентів",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "Порівняти тіла",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "Порівняти зображення",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Аналіз неперервності",
@@ -4076,6 +4074,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Зразкова пластина",
   "sample.vents.about": "Пази в прямокутному масиві: рядки, стовпці та крок є параметрами",
   "sample.vents.name": "Вентиляційна пластина",
+  "scale.per_axis": "По осях",
+  "scale.uniform": "Рівномірно",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter виконати     Shift+Enter виконати й залишити відкритим     Esc закрити",
   "search.commands": "Команди",
   "search.design": "У цьому проєкті",

assets/locales/vi.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "Bỏ kích hoạt các thư mục đã chọn",
   "Suppressed": "Bị tạm nén",
   "Surface": "Bề mặt",
+  "Surface or face": "Bề mặt hoặc mặt",
+  "Surface or faces": "Bề mặt hoặc các mặt",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "Mặt cong, hoặc các mặt cần lật hướng",
   "Surfaces": "Các bề mặt",
   "Swap Ends": "Hoán đổi hai đầu",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "Mục tiêu",
   "Target Body": "Khối mục tiêu",
   "Target Face (optional)": "Mặt đích (tùy chọn)",
+  "Target edges": "Các cạnh đích",
   "Tear": "Xé rách mép chấn",
   "Technical details": "Chi tiết kỹ thuật",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "Phác thảo nét đứt là đường dẫn mặt phẳng đã lưu. Hãy chọn một bề mặt mới để sửa lại liên kết.",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "Hướng phải là một trục hoặc một đường cong phác thảo thẳng nằm trong mặt phẳng phác thảo",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "Đường đối xứng không thể đồng thời được lấy đối xứng",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "Đường đối xứng phải là một đường cong thẳng của phác thảo này, không phải trục gốc",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "Trục gốc vuông góc với mặt phẳng phác thảo nên không có đường thẳng trong mặt phẳng này",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "Bản thể tác giả đã lưu bị thiếu. Hãy chọn một vị trí tác giả hợp lệ trước khi gán lại.",
   "Then": "Thì",
   "These features will be deleted:": "Các tính năng sau sẽ bị xóa:",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "Theo camera",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "Tự động xoay camera theo phác thảo đang tắt.",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "Camera sẽ tự động xoay vuông góc với phác thảo do agent tạo.",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "Hướng dẫn tùy chỉnh",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "Được gửi cho agent khi bắt đầu mỗi cuộc trò chuyện, sau hướng dẫn riêng của SolidCraft: cách bạn muốn làm việc, các quy tắc cần tuân theo. Thay đổi có hiệu lực từ cuộc trò chuyện tiếp theo (Kết nối hoặc Cuộc trò chuyện mới).",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "Tác nhân AI trong SolidCraft.",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "Đặt làm mặc định",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "Chưa có agent nào. Thêm một agent hoặc làm mới để tìm các agent đã cài đặt.",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "Phân tích khung nhìn",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "Trọng tâm",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "Khoảng cách an toàn",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Bật màu cụm chi tiết",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "Tắt màu cụm chi tiết",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "Màu cụm chi tiết",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "So sánh các thân khối",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "So sánh với ảnh tham chiếu",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "Phân tích độ liên tục mặt",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "Đang tính toán… {seconds} s",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "không thể kiểm tra",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ Trục tùy chỉnh",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "Bề mặt hoặc đỉnh của mô hình mà khối trụ đứng trên đó: nhấp vào đây, sau đó nhấp vào nó trong khung nhìn. Để trống thì X, Y và Z đặt vị trí.",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "Nhấp vào một kích thước điều khiển khác để chèn tên của nó",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "Kích thước: {name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "Giảm {step}",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "CHỈNH SỬA {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "Không có thân khối đang hiển thị để thay đổi: hãy hiển thị một thân khối, hoặc chọn “Tạo mới Thân khối”",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "Hãy chọn thân khối hoặc tính năng: bản phác thảo không phải là cả hai. Lặp lại các đường cong của nó bằng Mảng hoặc Lấy đối xứng trong chính bản phác thảo, hoặc đùn khối nó trước.",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "Một điểm điền vào X, Y và Z: nhấp vào đây, sau đó nhấp vào một đỉnh, cạnh hoặc bề mặt của mô hình, một điểm của bản phác thảo, hoặc gốc tọa độ.",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "Một cạnh thẳng của bề mặt đã chọn, từ đó đo khoảng cách bên dưới: nhấp vào đây, sau đó nhấp vào cạnh.",
   "dialog.select": "↖ Chọn",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ {count} đã chọn",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "Ràng buộc {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "Kéo chuột giữa để xoay, Shift+chuột giữa để trượt, Ctrl+chuột giữa để thu phóng; kéo chuột phải giữ nguyên camera",
   "nav.creo.help": "Kéo nút giữa để xoay, Shift+nút giữa để di chuyển, Ctrl+kéo nút giữa theo chiều dọc để thu phóng (kéo xuống để phóng to); lăn con lăn để thu phóng",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "Kéo bằng nút giữa hoặc nút phải sẽ tiếp tục xoay, di chuyển hoặc thu phóng như lúc bắt đầu cho đến khi nhả nút, dù trong lúc đó có nhấn hay nhả phím nào. Tắt: các phím đang giữ quyết định ở mọi thời điểm của thao tác kéo.",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "Thao tác kéo giữ nguyên kiểu điều hướng lúc bắt đầu",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "Chuột và chuột 3D xoay tự do qua cả hai cực và giữ nguyên độ lăn nghiêng (Roll). Bắt dính trục bằng phím Shift sẽ bị tắt.",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "Xoay góc nhìn tự do",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "Chuột và chuột 3D xoay qua cả hai cực và giữ nguyên góc nghiêng cuộn. Giữ Shift trong khi kéo xoay quỹ đạo để bắt dính hướng nhìn và góc nghiêng cuộn.",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "Nối, Vật thể mới hoặc Cắt, tùy vào phần vật liệu tiếp xúc.",
   "prefs.axes": "Các trục tọa độ",
   "prefs.axis": "Trục tọa độ",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "Chọn ảnh…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "Ảnh",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "Không đọc được ảnh nền",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "Chi phí kết xuất tương đối. Nhiều thanh hơn thường có nghĩa là cần xử lý nhiều hơn.",
   "prefs.blur_device": "Không khả dụng trên thiết bị đồ họa hoặc đường kết xuất này",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "Chất lượng làm mờ đã giảm để duy trì độ phản hồi của khung hình. Bán kính không thay đổi.",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "Biểu tượng mắt cạnh mũi tên thu gọn",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "Các hàng trong cây thư mục hiển thị biểu tượng mắt bật/tắt cạnh mũi tên thu gọn như trước đây, thay vì trong một cột ở đầu bên phải của các hàng.",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "Hiện khi di chuột",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "Các dòng trong cây thư mục đóng sẵn",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "Vị trí đặt và thư mục trong cây thư mục bắt đầu ở trạng thái đóng, nên thiết kế có nhiều thành phần chỉ hiện các dòng cấp trên cùng. Mỗi dòng mở bằng mũi tên của nó, “Mở rộng tất cả” hoặc “Tìm trong cây đối tượng”, lệnh này chỉ mở các dòng dẫn tới thân khối và đóng lại các dòng mà lần tìm trước đã mở. Chọn một thân khối trong khung nhìn 3D không làm thay đổi cây thư mục. Khi tắt, các thư mục mở sẵn, vị trí đặt theo tùy chọn “Thành phần mở sẵn”, và việc chọn trong khung nhìn 3D mở cây thư mục tới thân khối đó, như trước đây.",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "Hiển thị giữ trình duyệt trên màn hình. Hiện khi di chuột ẩn nó cho đến khi con trỏ đến vị trí của nó hoặc thẻ mảnh ở cạnh trái, và nó vẫn mở khi con trỏ ở bên trong hoặc một menu của nó đang mở.",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "Hiển thị",
   "prefs.built_in": "Mặc định tích hợp",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "Hai mũi tên cong ở góc khối cuộn khung nhìn trong mặt phẳng màn hình. Khi bật: mũi tên theo chiều kim đồng hồ cuộn ngược chiều kim đồng hồ và ngược lại. Khi tắt: mỗi mũi tên cuộn khung nhìn theo chiều cong của nó.",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "Đảo ngược mũi tên xoay của khối điều hướng",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "Các mũi tên quanh khối xoay camera theo hướng mũi tên chỉ, như trong Fusion và Inventor: mũi tên bên trái chỉ sang phải và đưa camera sang phải. Khi tắt: mũi tên xoay khối về phía cạnh chứa nó, nên mũi tên bên trái đưa camera sang trái. Hai mũi tên cuộn cong không bị ảnh hưởng.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "Vẫn hỏi khi đóng thẻ",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "Khi tắt, thẻ sẽ đóng mà không có hộp thoại của trình duyệt khi bản sao của mọi thiết kế chưa lưu đã được cập nhật.",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "Giữ công việc chưa lưu trong trình duyệt này",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "Các thay đổi chưa lưu của mỗi thiết kế đang mở được cập nhật liên tục trong bộ nhớ riêng của trình duyệt này. Lần truy cập sau sẽ đề nghị khôi phục chúng.",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "Giữ hộp thoại và công cụ mở khi chuyển giữa các thiết kế",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "Mỗi thẻ thiết kế giữ hộp thoại hoặc công cụ đang mở, cùng những gì bạn đã chọn và nhập trong đó, và thẻ thanh công cụ của nó. Chúng vẫn còn đó khi bạn quay lại thiết kế. Tắt: chuyển thiết kế sẽ hủy chúng và hiển thị thẻ Mô hình.",
   "prefs.labels": "Nhãn chữ",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "Thẻ",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "Cột",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "Rê chuột",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "Chuyển menu nhóm khi di chuột",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "Nhấp vào tên nhóm trên dải công cụ để mở menu. Di chuột lên tên nhóm khác để chuyển menu. Di chuyển con trỏ ra ngoài dải công cụ và menu đang mở để đóng menu.",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "Biểu tượng + nhãn",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "Đồng ý và Hủy bỏ",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "Khi rê chuột",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "vừa xong",
   "recovery.min_ago": "{count} phút trước",
   "recovery.never_saved": "chưa từng lưu",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "Mở phiên bản đã lưu",
+  "recovery.restore": "Khôi phục",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "Các thay đổi chưa được lưu khi trang này đóng lần trước được giữ trong trình duyệt này.",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}, thay đổi {when}",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "Khôi phục các thiết kế chưa lưu?",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "Khôi phục thiết kế chưa lưu: {name}, thay đổi {when}?",
   "refused.change": "Không thể thay đổi {body}.",
   "refused.cut": "Không thể cắt {body}.",
   "refused.face_curved": "Một trong các mặt cong của nó không dùng được để mô hình hóa.",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · Màn ảnh rộng",
   "render.gpu_depth": "Độ sâu đường truyền tia tối đa",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "Số mẫu, độ sâu, hạt giống và độ phơi sáng được lưu cùng thiết lập này. Chỉ lưu phương thức tạo ảnh đang hoạt động.",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "Lần trước SolidCraft đã đóng khi đang thiết lập nó trên bộ điều hợp đồ họa này, nhiều khả năng là trong trình điều khiển đồ họa, nên nó sẽ không tự thiết lập lại. Hãy dùng dò tia trên CPU, hoặc thử lại (cập nhật trình điều khiển cũng sẽ thử lại).",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "Bộ dò đường truyền tia GPU không khả dụng",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "Lần thiết lập đầu tiên trên GPU này có thể mất vài phút; SolidCraft vẫn sử dụng được bình thường. Các lần khởi động sau sẽ tái sử dụng mã đổ bóng đã biên dịch nếu trình điều khiển lưu giữ chúng.",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "Bộ dò đường truyền tia GPU: đang biên dịch mã đổ bóng…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "Thử lại",
   "render.gpu_seed": "Hạt giống ngẫu nhiên",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "Dò đường truyền tia GPU chưa sẵn sàng trên thiết bị này.",
   "render.ground_apply": "Khớp và lưu mặt sàn",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "Tấm mẫu",
   "sample.vents.about": "Các rãnh then trong mảng chữ nhật: số hàng, số cột và bước rãnh là các tham số",
   "sample.vents.name": "Tấm khe thông gió",
+  "scale.per_axis": "Theo từng trục",
+  "scale.uniform": "Đồng đều",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter chạy     Shift+Enter chạy và giữ mở     Esc đóng",
   "search.commands": "Lệnh",
   "search.design": "Trong thiết kế này",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "3D Phác thảo",
   "ui.activate": "Kích hoạt",
   "ui.active_component": "Cụm chi tiết đang kích hoạt",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "Thêm vào Truy cập nhanh",
   "ui.add_configuration": "Thêm cấu hình",
   "ui.add_parameter": "Thêm tham số",
   "ui.agent_chat": "Trò chuyện với AI Agent",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "Hệ số",
   "ui.fade": "Thoát ren",
   "ui.fade_length": "Chiều dài thoát ren",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "Số lần lặp",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "Giữ các cạnh",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "Cường độ",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "LÀM MƯỢT BỀ MẶT",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "0,001 lần kích thước thân khối",
   "ui.feature_history": "Lịch sử tính năng",
   "ui.feature_options": "Tùy chọn tính năng",
   "ui.features": "Các tính năng",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "Kéo tự do bộ thao tác cũng bằng Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "Bật: Alt/Option hoặc Ctrl/Cmd trên các mũi tên đùn / gizmo sẽ tắt bước nhảy giá trị. Tắt: chỉ Ctrl/Cmd.",
   "ui.manufacture": "Gia công chế tạo",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "KHỚP BỀ MẶT",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "Các trục cục bộ của vật liệu; chưa gán hướng cho thân khối.",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "Nguồn gốc và giấy phép là thông tin chưa được kiểm chứng. Các giá trị thiếu vẫn ở dạng chưa biết.",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "Độ bền nén",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "Tùy chọn",
   "ui.orbit": "Xoay quanh tâm (Orbit)",
   "ui.orbit_around": "Xoay quanh",
+  "ui.organize": "Sắp xếp",
   "ui.orientation": "Định hướng",
   "ui.origin": "Gốc tọa độ",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "Chế độ đường dựng (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "Chất lượng",
   "ui.quantity": "Số lượng",
   "ui.quantity_2": "Số lượng 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "Thanh truy cập nhanh chứa tối đa {count} lệnh; hãy gỡ một lệnh để thêm lệnh khác",
   "ui.quit": "Thoát ứng dụng",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "Menu ngữ cảnh dạng vòng (Radial)",
   "ui.radius": "Bán kính",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "Chi tiết này chưa được liên kết với thiết kế nguồn nào.",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "Hãy chọn trước một chi tiết được liên kết hoặc một thể hiện của nó.",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "Liên kết lại nguồn (tất cả thể hiện)…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "Gỡ khỏi Truy cập nhanh",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "Xóa khỏi thanh công cụ",
   "ui.removeSection": "Xóa mặt cắt",
   "ui.render": "Kết xuất hình ảnh",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "Chưa có gì để lặp lại: hãy bắt đầu một công cụ hoặc hộp thoại trước.",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "Các bản sao hiện đã trở thành các vị trí đặt của thiết kế liên kết.",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "Báo cáo lỗi",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "Còn {count} ký tự",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "Còn {count} ký tự",
   "ui.reset": "Đặt lại",
   "ui.reset_all": "Đặt lại tất cả",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "Đặt lại các cài đặt trên trang này",

assets/locales/zh-TW.json

@@ -957,8 +957,6 @@
   "cmd.inspect_accessibility": "可達性分析",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "質心",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "間隙",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "啟用元件顏色",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "停用元件顏色",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "比較實體",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "與圖片比較",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "連續性分析",
@@ -1366,11 +1364,14 @@
   "dialog.computing": "正在計算… {seconds} 秒",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "無法檢查",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ 自訂軸",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "圓柱體所立的模型面或頂點：先點擊此處，再在視圖中點擊它。留空時由 X、Y、Z 放置。",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "點擊其他驅動尺寸以插入其名稱",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "尺寸：{name}",
   "dialog.edit_title": "編輯 {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "沒有可變更的已顯示實體：請顯示一個，或選擇「新建實體」",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "請選取實體或特徵：草圖兩者皆非。請用草圖自己的「陣列」或「鏡射」重複其曲線，或先將它擠出。",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "填入 X、Y、Z 的點：先點擊此處，再點擊模型的頂點、邊或面、草圖中的點，或原點。",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "所選面上的一條直邊，下方的距離從它量起：先點擊此處，再點擊該邊。",
   "dialog.select": "↖ 選擇",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ 已選擇 {count} 個",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "拘束 {id}",
@@ -3812,6 +3813,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "範例板",
   "sample.vents.about": "依矩形陣列排列的槽：列數、欄數和間距均為參數",
   "sample.vents.name": "通風板",
+  "scale.per_axis": "依軸",
+  "scale.uniform": "等比",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter 執行     Shift+Enter 執行並保持開啟     Esc 關閉",
   "search.commands": "命令",
   "search.design": "此設計中",

assets/locales/zh.json

@@ -629,6 +629,8 @@
   "Suppress Selected Folders": "抑制所选文件夹",
   "Suppressed": "已抑制",
   "Surface": "曲面",
+  "Surface or face": "曲面或面",
+  "Surface or faces": "曲面或面",
   "Surface, or faces to turn over": "曲面，或要翻转的面",
   "Surfaces": "曲面",
   "Swap Ends": "交换端点",
@@ -642,6 +644,7 @@
   "Target": "目标",
   "Target Body": "目标实体",
   "Target Face (optional)": "目标面（可选）",
+  "Target edges": "目标边",
   "Tear": "撕裂",
   "Technical details": "技术详情",
   "The dashed sketch is a saved plane guide. Select a new face to repair the attachment.": "虚线草图是已保存的平面引导。选择一个新面以修复附着。",
@@ -649,6 +652,7 @@
   "The direction must be an axis or a straight sketch curve that lies in the sketch plane": "方向必须是轴，或位于草图平面内的直线草图曲线",
   "The mirror line cannot also be mirrored": "镜像线本身不能再被镜像",
   "The mirror line must be a straight curve of this sketch, not an origin axis": "镜像线必须是此草图中的直线曲线，不能是原点轴",
+  "The origin axis is perpendicular to the sketch plane, so it has no line in the plane": "原点轴垂直于草图平面，因此在该平面内没有直线",
   "The saved author occurrence is missing. Select a valid author placement before rebinding.": "保存的作者实例缺失。重新绑定前请选择有效的作者放置。",
   "Then": "操作",
   "These features will be deleted:": "以下特征将被删除：",
@@ -751,6 +755,8 @@
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera": "跟随相机",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_off": "相机自动跟随已关闭。",
   "ai.prefs.follow_camera_on": "相机将转向代理创建的草图。",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions": "自定义指令",
+  "ai.prefs.instructions_note": "在每次对话开始时发送给代理，位于 SolidCraft 自身的指令之后：你喜欢的工作方式、需要遵守的规则。更改从下一次对话（连接或新对话）起生效。",
   "ai.prefs.intro": "SolidCraft中的AI代理。",
   "ai.prefs.make_default": "设为默认",
   "ai.prefs.no_agents": "尚无代理。添加代理或刷新以查找已安装的代理。",
@@ -964,8 +970,7 @@
   "cmd.inspect_analysis": "视图分析",
   "cmd.inspect_center_of_mass": "质心",
   "cmd.inspect_clearance": "间隙",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "启用组件颜色",
-  "cmd.inspect_colored_components_disable": "禁用组件颜色",
+  "cmd.inspect_colored_components": "组件颜色",
   "cmd.inspect_compare": "比较实体",
   "cmd.inspect_compare_picture": "比较参考图",
   "cmd.inspect_continuity": "连续性分析",
@@ -1396,6 +1401,7 @@
   "dialog.computing": "正在计算… {seconds} 秒",
   "dialog.could_not_be_checked": "无法检查",
   "dialog.custom_axis": "↖ 自定义轴",
+  "dialog.cylinder_face_tip": "圆柱体所立的模型面或顶点：先单击此处，再在视图中单击它。留空时由 X、Y、Z 放置。",
   "dialog.dimension_insert_hint": "单击其他驱动尺寸以插入其名称",
   "dialog.dimension_name": "尺寸：{name}",
   "dialog.dimension_step_down": "减少 {step}",
@@ -1404,6 +1410,8 @@
   "dialog.edit_title": "编辑 {title}",
   "dialog.no_shown_body": "没有可更改的显示实体：请显示一个实体，或选择新建实体",
   "dialog.pattern_sketch_not_object": "请选择实体或特征：草图两者都不是。请用草图自身的阵列或镜像重复其曲线，或先将其拉伸。",
+  "dialog.primitive_point_tip": "填入 X、Y、Z 的点：先单击此处，再单击模型的顶点、边或面、草图中的点，或原点。",
+  "dialog.reference_edge_tip": "所选面上的一条直边，下方的距离从它量起：先单击此处，再单击该边。",
   "dialog.select": "↖ 选择",
   "dialog.selected_count": "↖ 已选择 {count} 个",
   "dialog.selection_constraint": "约束 {id}",
@@ -2040,6 +2048,8 @@
   "nav.blender.help": "中键拖动旋转，Shift+中键拖动平移，Ctrl+中键拖动缩放；右键拖动不会移动相机",
   "nav.creo.help": "中键拖动旋转，Shift+中键平移，Ctrl+中键上下拖动缩放（向下放大）；滚动滚轮也可缩放",
   "nav.creo.label": "Creo",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.help": "中键或右键拖动会保持开始时的旋转、平移或缩放，直到松开按键，期间按下或松开任何键都不会改变。关闭后：拖动的每一刻都由当时按住的键决定。",
+  "nav.drag_keeps_mode.label": "拖动保持开始时的导航方式",
   "nav.free_orbit.help": "鼠标和3D鼠标可保持滚转并越过两个极点旋转。Shift轴吸附将被禁用。",
   "nav.free_orbit.label": "自由旋转",
   "nav.free_orbit.snap_help": "鼠标和3D鼠标可越过两极旋转，并保留画面旋转角度。在拖动环绕时按住Shift，可吸附视图方向和画面旋转角度。",
@@ -2276,6 +2286,9 @@
   "prefs.auto_operation_note": "根据材料接触的对象选择合并、新建实体或切割。",
   "prefs.axes": "坐标轴",
   "prefs.axis": "轴",
+  "prefs.background_choose": "选择图片…",
+  "prefs.background_image": "图片",
+  "prefs.background_unreadable": "无法读取背景图片",
   "prefs.blur_cost": "相对渲染开销。条形越多，通常意味着处理工作越多。",
   "prefs.blur_device": "此图形设备或渲染路径不支持此功能",
   "prefs.blur_guard": "已降低模糊质量，以保持画面响应。模糊半径未改变。",
@@ -2297,6 +2310,8 @@
   "prefs.browser_eye_left": "折叠箭头旁的眼睛图标",
   "prefs.browser_eye_left_note": "浏览器各行的显示切换像以前一样位于折叠箭头旁，而不是在行右端的一列中。",
   "prefs.browser_reveal_on_hover": "悬停时显示",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed": "浏览器中的行默认折叠",
+  "prefs.browser_rows_start_closed_note": "浏览器中的放置和文件夹默认折叠，因此包含大量组件的设计只显示顶层行。每一行可通过其箭头、“全部展开”或“在浏览器中查找”打开；“在浏览器中查找”只展开通往该实体的行，并重新折叠上次查找展开的行。在 3D 视图中选取实体不会改变浏览器。关闭时文件夹默认展开，放置按“组件初始展开”的设置显示，在 3D 视图中选取会使浏览器展开到该实体，与以前相同。",
   "prefs.browser_show_note": "“显示”让浏览器始终留在屏幕上。“悬停时显示”会将其隐藏，直到指针移到它的位置或其左边缘的细标签上；指针在其中或其菜单打开时，它保持打开。",
   "prefs.browser_shown": "显示",
   "prefs.built_in": "内置",
@@ -2428,6 +2443,10 @@
   "prefs.invert_curved_roll_arrows_note": "立方体角落的两个弯曲箭头在屏幕平面内翻滚视图。开启：顺时针箭头逆时针翻滚，逆时针箭头顺时针翻滚。关闭：每个箭头按其弯曲方向翻滚视图。",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows": "反转视图立方体的旋转箭头",
   "prefs.invert_navigator_arrows_note": "立方体周围的箭头按箭头所指的方向转动相机，与 Fusion 和 Inventor 相同：左侧箭头指向右，相机向右转动。关闭：箭头把立方体转向它所在的那一面，因此左侧箭头使相机向左转动。弯曲的翻滚箭头不受影响。",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks": "关闭标签页时仍然询问",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_also_asks_tip": "关闭此项后，只要每个未保存设计的副本都是最新的，标签页就会直接关闭，不显示浏览器的提示框。",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser": "在此浏览器中保留未保存的工作",
+  "prefs.keep_unsaved_in_browser_tip": "每个打开的设计的未保存更改都会在此浏览器的私有存储中保持最新。下次访问时会提示恢复。",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch": "切换设计时保持对话框和工具打开",
   "prefs.keep_work_on_tab_switch_note": "每个设计标签页保留其打开的对话框或工具（包括其中已选择和输入的内容）以及工具栏选项卡。回到该设计时它们仍在原处。关闭时：切换设计会取消它们并显示“模型”选项卡。",
   "prefs.labels": "标签",
@@ -2439,6 +2458,8 @@
   "prefs.layout_page.card": "卡片",
   "prefs.layout_page.column": "列",
   "prefs.layout_page.hover": "悬停",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus": "悬停切换面板菜单",
+  "prefs.layout_page.hover_panel_menus_help": "点击功能区的面板名称打开菜单。将指针悬停在另一面板名称上即可切换菜单。将指针移到功能区和已打开菜单之外即可关闭菜单。",
   "prefs.layout_page.icons_labels": "图标＋标签",
   "prefs.layout_page.ok_cancel": "确定和取消",
   "prefs.layout_page.on_hover": "悬停时",
@@ -2756,6 +2777,12 @@
   "recovery.just_now": "刚刚",
   "recovery.min_ago": "{count} 分钟前",
   "recovery.never_saved": "从未保存",
+  "recovery.open_saved": "打开已保存的版本",
+  "recovery.restore": "恢复",
+  "recovery.restore_intro": "此页面上次关闭时未保存的更改保留在此浏览器中。",
+  "recovery.restore_row": "{name}，更改于{when}",
+  "recovery.restore_title": "恢复未保存的设计？",
+  "recovery.restore_title_one": "恢复未保存的设计：{name}，更改于{when}？",
   "refused.change": "无法更改 {body}。",
   "refused.cut": "无法切割 {body}。",
   "refused.face_curved": "它的一个曲面无法用于建模。",
@@ -3277,9 +3304,11 @@
   "render.frame_wide": "16:9 · 宽屏",
   "render.gpu_depth": "最大路径深度",
   "render.gpu_options_help": "采样数、深度、种子和曝光会随此配置保存。仅保存当前图像方法。",
+  "render.gpu_path_crashed": "上次在此图形适配器上设置时 SolidCraft 关闭了，很可能是在图形驱动程序内部，因此不会再自动设置。请改用 CPU 光线追踪，或重试（更新驱动程序后也会重试）。",
   "render.gpu_path_failed": "GPU 路径追踪器不可用",
   "render.gpu_path_first_setup": "首次在此 GPU 上设置可能需要几分钟，期间 SolidCraft 仍可正常使用。之后启动时，如果驱动程序保留了已编译的着色器，将直接复用。",
   "render.gpu_path_preparing": "GPU 路径追踪器：正在编译着色器…",
+  "render.gpu_path_retry": "重试",
   "render.gpu_seed": "随机种子",
   "render.gpu_unavailable": "此设备上的 GPU 路径追踪尚未就绪。",
   "render.ground_apply": "适配并保存地面",
@@ -4087,6 +4116,8 @@
   "sample.plate.name": "示例板",
   "sample.vents.about": "按矩形阵列排列的槽：行数、列数和间距均为参数",
   "sample.vents.name": "通风板",
+  "scale.per_axis": "按轴",
+  "scale.uniform": "等比",
   "search.command_keys": "Enter 运行     Shift+Enter 运行并保持打开     Esc 关闭",
   "search.commands": "命令",
   "search.design": "此设计中",
@@ -4424,6 +4455,7 @@
   "ui.3d_sketch": "3D 草图",
   "ui.activate": "激活",
   "ui.active_component": "活动组件",
+  "ui.addToQuickAccess": "添加到快速访问",
   "ui.add_configuration": "添加配置",
   "ui.add_parameter": "添加参数",
   "ui.agent_chat": "智能体聊天",
@@ -4975,6 +5007,11 @@
   "ui.factor": "系数",
   "ui.fade": "收尾",
   "ui.fade_length": "收尾长度",
+  "ui.fair_iterations": "迭代次数",
+  "ui.fair_keep_edges": "保持边",
+  "ui.fair_strength": "强度",
+  "ui.fair_surface_title": "曲面光顺",
+  "ui.fair_tolerance_default": "实体尺寸的 0.001 倍",
   "ui.feature_history": "特征历史",
   "ui.feature_options": "特征选项",
   "ui.features": "特征",
@@ -5188,6 +5225,7 @@
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt": "操纵器自由拖动也适用于 Alt/Option",
   "ui.manipulator_free_alt_tip": "开：在拉伸/小控件箭头上按 Alt/Option 或 Ctrl/Cmd 可关闭数值捕捉。关：仅 Ctrl/Cmd。",
   "ui.manufacture": "制造",
+  "ui.match_surface_title": "曲面匹配",
   "ui.material_review.axes": "材料局部坐标轴；不指定实体方向。",
   "ui.material_review.claims": "来源和许可证声明未经核实。缺失值保持未知。",
   "ui.material_review.compressive_strength": "抗压强度",
@@ -5251,6 +5289,7 @@
   "ui.options": "选项",
   "ui.orbit": "环绕",
   "ui.orbit_around": "环绕",
+  "ui.organize": "整理",
   "ui.orientation": "定向",
   "ui.origin": "原点",
   "ui.palette_construction_mode": "构造模式 (X)",
@@ -5339,6 +5378,7 @@
   "ui.quality": "质量",
   "ui.quantity": "数量",
   "ui.quantity_2": "数量 2",
+  "ui.quick_access_full": "快速访问栏最多容纳 {count} 个命令；请先移除一个再添加",
   "ui.quit": "退出",
   "ui.radial_context_menu": "环形上下文菜单",
   "ui.radius": "半径",
@@ -5356,6 +5396,7 @@
   "ui.relink_not_linked": "此组件未链接到源设计。",
   "ui.relink_select_one": "请先选择一个链接组件或其实例。",
   "ui.relink_source_all": "重新链接源文件（所有实例）…",
+  "ui.removeFromQuickAccess": "从快速访问中移除",
   "ui.removeFromToolbar": "从工具栏移除",
   "ui.removeSection": "移除剖面",
   "ui.render": "渲染",
@@ -5364,6 +5405,8 @@
   "ui.repeat_nothing": "还没有可重复的操作：请先启动一个工具或对话框。",
   "ui.replace_with_link_done": "这些副本现在是链接设计的放置。",
   "ui.report_a_bug": "报告缺陷",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_one": "剩余 {count} 个字符",
+  "ui.report_characters_left_other": "剩余 {count} 个字符",
   "ui.reset": "重置",
   "ui.reset_all": "全部重置",
   "ui.reset_the_settings_on_this_page": "重置此页面上的设置",

assets/shaders/viewport.wgsl

@@ -366,6 +366,13 @@ fn fs_ao_depth(i: TOut, @builtin(front_facing) front: bool) -> AoDepth {
     return opaque_depth(i, front);
 }
 
+// The virtual ground preserves the viewport background; only contact occlusion is blended.
+@fragment
+fn fs_ground_ao(i: TOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    if (clipped(i.wp)) { discard; }
+    return vec4<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 - occlusion(i));
+}
+
 /// The AO prepass's depth of an opaque surface's fragment.
 fn opaque_depth(i: TOut, front: bool) -> AoDepth {
     if (clipped(i.wp) || length(i.n) < 0.5) { discard; }

attribution/pending/agent-http-consent.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| assets/locales/pending/agent-http-consent.json | SolidCraft contributors | Original endpoint-specific HTTP consent messages and translations | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |

crates/doc/src/body_transfer.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,46 @@
 use crate::{DocError, Document, Mat, ModelBody, ModelState, Result};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
+/// A profile moved into the component receiving its own body is read through the recorded
+/// transfer frame. Reading its live placement would move the source geometry when that
+/// component moves, then move the transferred body a second time. All outputs of a constructor
+/// must reach the sketch's component through the same frame; independent cross-component
+/// references retain their ordinary live placement.
+pub(crate) fn profile_frame(doc: &Document, feature: &crate::Feature, sketch: u64) -> Option<Mat> {
+    if !matches!(
+        feature.kind,
+        crate::FeatureKind::Extrude { operation: crate::Operation::NewBody, .. }
+            | crate::FeatureKind::Revolve { operation: crate::Operation::NewBody, .. }
+    ) || feature.body_names.is_empty()
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let owner = doc.feature(sketch)?.component;
+    if owner == feature.component {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut frames: std::collections::BTreeMap<&str, (u64, Mat)> =
+        feature.body_names.iter().map(|name| (name.as_str(), (feature.component, crate::IDENTITY))).collect();
+    let start = doc.feature_index(feature.id)?.saturating_add(1);
+    for step in doc.features.iter().take(doc.marker.unwrap_or(usize::MAX)).skip(start).filter(|step| !step.suppressed) {
+        let crate::FeatureKind::BodyTransfer { bodies, from, to, transform } = &step.kind else { continue };
+        for name in bodies {
+            if let Some((component, frame)) = frames.get_mut(name.as_ref()) {
+                if *component != *from || !valid_transfer_matrix(transform) {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                *component = *to;
+                *frame = crate::mat_mul(transform, frame);
+            }
+        }
+        if frames.values().all(|(component, _)| *component == owner) {
+            let (_, first) = frames.values().next()?;
+            return frames.values().all(|(_, frame)| frame == first).then(|| crate::mat_inverse(first)).flatten();
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
 pub fn valid_transfer_matrix(m: &Mat) -> bool {
     crate::is_placement(m)
 }

crates/doc/src/config_shell_tests.rs

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ fn shell_planar_format13_keeps_v12_documents_and_refuses_future() {
     }
     assert_eq!(legacy, current, "the migration preserves every prior field");
     legacy["format"] = json!(crate::format::format_string(crate::format::FORMAT + 1));
-    assert!(crate::format::read(&legacy.to_string()).unwrap().newer_file.is_some());
+    assert!(crate::format::read(&legacy.to_string()).is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]

crates/doc/src/document.rs

@@ -452,8 +452,14 @@ pub enum AxisRef {
     SketchAxis { axis: String },
     /// World X / Y / Z axis through the origin.
     World { axis: String },
-    /// Any line in the sketch plane, in world coordinates.
-    Line { origin: Position, dir: Dir },
+    /// Any line in the sketch plane, in world coordinates. The origin's coordinates are length
+    /// expressions, so the axis follows parameter changes.
+    Line {
+        #[serde(with = "point_expr")]
+        #[walk(placement)]
+        origin: PointExpr,
+        dir: Dir,
+    },
     /// An edge or round face of the model (a straight or circular edge, a cylinder, cone or
     /// torus face), found again on each evaluation: [`crate::construct::model_axis`].
     Model { geo: GeoRef },
@@ -659,12 +665,6 @@ impl AlignFrame {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, solidcraft_derive::Walk)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum FeatureKind {
-    /// A feature a newer SolidCraft saved that this build can't read ([`crate::newer_file`]): it
-    /// holds its place on the timeline, reports an error when evaluated, and goes back into the
-    /// file as it came.
-    NewerFileFeature {
-        raw: crate::newer_file::RawFeature,
-    },
     /// A recorded timeline ownership boundary. Geometry is converted from its
     /// current local frame into the destination component frame exactly once.
     BodyTransfer {
@@ -1050,6 +1050,8 @@ pub enum FeatureKind {
     Split {
         body: BodyName,
         plane: PlaneRef,
+        // The tool face is picked (and named), so the split follows it (#11674).
+        #[walk(picks_faces)]
         #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
         tool: Option<FaceAt>,
         /// A straight line of this sketch as the tool (#1552): the plane through it along the
@@ -2606,7 +2608,6 @@ impl FeatureKind {
     /// Short type name (timeline tooltip, `inspect`).
     pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. } => "NewerFileFeature",
             FeatureKind::BodyTransfer { .. } => "BodyTransferFeature",
             FeatureKind::Sketch { .. } => "Sketch",
             FeatureKind::Extrude { .. } => "ExtrudeFeature",
@@ -2692,7 +2693,6 @@ impl FeatureKind {
     /// Design-file variant key (e.g. `"extrude"`, `"box"`, `"sheet_flange"`).
     pub fn kind_key(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. } => "newer_file_feature",
             FeatureKind::BodyTransfer { .. } => "body_transfer",
             FeatureKind::Sketch { .. } => "sketch",
             FeatureKind::Extrude { .. } => "extrude",
@@ -2855,7 +2855,6 @@ impl FeatureKind {
     /// Default name prefix (`Extrude` → `Extrude1`).
     pub fn base_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. } => "Unknown",
             FeatureKind::BodyTransfer { .. } => "BodyTransfer",
             FeatureKind::Sketch { .. } => "Sketch",
             FeatureKind::Extrude { .. } => "Extrude",
@@ -3128,10 +3127,6 @@ pub fn is_counted_body_name(name: &str) -> bool {
 /// The document.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Document {
-    /// Set when a newer SolidCraft saved the file this came from: what to tell the user, and what
-    /// this build couldn't read and keeps for the next save ([`crate::newer_file`]).
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    pub newer_file: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::newer_file::NewerFile>>,
     /// Named image intent and immutable embedded HDR sources. Active jobs and device state are not saved.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "crate::render_settings::RenderSettings::is_empty")]
     pub render: std::sync::Arc<crate::render_settings::RenderSettings>,
@@ -3493,7 +3488,6 @@ impl Document {
 
     pub fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
         Document {
-            newer_file: None,
             render: Default::default(),
             format: default_format(),
             format_pending: crate::format::pending_names(),
@@ -3915,12 +3909,7 @@ impl Document {
 
     /// Read a design file's JSON (any format this build knows; older ones are upgraded).
     pub fn from_json(s: &str) -> Result<Document> {
-        // A newer build's resources may not read here; the section stays out then (`newer_file`).
-        if let Err(why) = crate::render_resources::check_json_budget(s)
-            && !crate::format::says_newer(s)
-        {
-            return Err(why);
-        }
+        crate::render_resources::check_json_budget(s)?;
         let mut d = crate::format::read(s)?;
         if d.features.len() > MAX_FEATURES || d.params.len() > MAX_PARAMS {
             return Err(DocError::Invalid("document too large".into()));
@@ -3932,11 +3921,6 @@ impl Document {
         Ok(d)
     }
     pub fn to_json(&self) -> String {
-        if self.newer_file.is_some() {
-            let mut value = serde_json::to_value(self).unwrap_or_default();
-            crate::newer_file::restore(self, &mut value);
-            return serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value).unwrap_or_default();
-        }
         serde_json::to_string_pretty(self).unwrap_or_default()
     }
 

crates/doc/src/drawing.rs

@@ -84,65 +84,6 @@ pub struct Drawing {
     pub language: String,
     /// In order, each behind its own `Arc`, so an undo step shares every sheet it didn't change.
     pub sheets: Vec<Arc<Sheet>>,
-    /// Set when a newer SolidCraft saved the file this came from.
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    pub newer_file: Option<Arc<NewerDrawing>>,
-}
-
-/// The fields a drawing's record has: anything else in a file is a newer build's.
-const RECORD_FIELDS: [&str; 7] = ["format", "name", "sources", "properties", "units", "language", "sheets"];
-
-/// Move the elements of the list `key` that don't read as `T` out of a newer build's drawing.
-fn take_unread<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(top: &mut serde_json::Map<String, Value>, key: &str, one: &str, file: &mut NewerDrawing) {
-    let Some(Value::Array(list)) = top.get_mut(key) else { return };
-    let mut readable = Vec::with_capacity(list.len());
-    for element in std::mem::take(list) {
-        match DRAWING.check_numbers(&element, "properties").and_then(|()| serde_json::from_value::<T>(element.clone()).map_err(damaged)) {
-            Ok(_) => readable.push(element),
-            Err(why) => {
-                let name = element.get("name").or(element.get("path")).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed");
-                file.not_understood.push(format!("{one} `{name}` ({why})"));
-                file.elements.push((key.to_string(), element));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    *list = readable;
-}
-
-/// What a drawing file says and holds that this build doesn't read ([`Drawing::from_newer`]).
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct NewerDrawing {
-    /// The number the file says.
-    pub format: u32,
-    /// The number this build reads up to.
-    pub reads_up_to: u32,
-    /// The changes the file names that this build doesn't have.
-    pub unknown_changes: Vec<String>,
-    /// What this build couldn't read, by name.
-    pub not_understood: Vec<String>,
-    fields: Vec<(String, Value)>,
-    elements: Vec<(String, Value)>,
-}
-
-impl NewerDrawing {
-    /// What to tell the user.
-    pub fn notice(&self) -> String {
-        format!(
-            "Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {}, this version reads up to {}). If something's missing, update.",
-            self.format, self.reads_up_to
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn restore(&self, value: &mut Value) {
-        for (key, field) in &self.fields {
-            value[key] = field.clone();
-        }
-        for (key, element) in &self.elements {
-            if let Some(list) = value.get_mut(key).and_then(Value::as_array_mut) {
-                list.push(element.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /// A design the drawing draws.
@@ -234,7 +175,6 @@ impl Drawing {
             units: Units::default(),
             language: language.into(),
             sheets: vec![Arc::new(first)],
-            newer_file: None,
         };
         drawing.validate()?;
         Ok(drawing)
@@ -248,65 +188,11 @@ impl Drawing {
         }
         let mut v: Value = serde_json::from_str(s).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("not a SolidCraft drawing: {e}")))?;
         let (version, applied) = DRAWING.take_version(&mut v)?;
-        if let Some(newer) = DRAWING.newer(version, applied.as_deref()) {
-            return Self::from_newer(v, version, applied, newer);
-        }
-        let d = Self::decode(v, version, applied.as_deref())?;
-        Ok(Drawing { format: DRAWING.format_string(DRAWING.current()), format_pending: DRAWING.pending_names(), ..d })
-    }
-
-    fn decode(mut v: Value, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<Drawing> {
         DRAWING.check_numbers(&v, "properties")?;
-        DRAWING.upgrade(&mut v, version, applied)?;
+        DRAWING.upgrade(&mut v, version, applied.as_deref())?;
         let d: Drawing = serde_json::from_value(v).map_err(damaged)?;
         d.validate().map_err(damaged)?;
-        Ok(d)
-    }
-
-    /// A drawing a newer build saved: it opens with what this build can read of it. Everything in a
-    /// drawing refuses a field it doesn't know, so what it can't read shows as a top-level field,
-    /// a source or a sheet that doesn't read, which stays out and is named in
-    /// [`NewerDrawing::not_understood`]; [`Drawing::to_json`] writes it all back, with the file's
-    /// format. It takes at least one sheet this build can read to open.
-    fn from_newer(mut v: Value, version: u32, applied: Option<Vec<String>>, newer: crate::format::Newer) -> Result<Drawing> {
-        let list = applied.as_deref();
-        let can_read = |v: Value| Self::decode(v, version, list).map_err(|e| e.to_string());
-        let mut file = NewerDrawing {
-            format: newer.format,
-            reads_up_to: newer.reads_up_to,
-            unknown_changes: newer.unknown_changes.clone(),
-            ..NewerDrawing::default()
-        };
-        let mut read = can_read(v.clone());
-        if read.is_err() {
-            let top = v.as_object_mut().ok_or_else(|| damaged("expected a JSON object"))?;
-            let keys: Vec<String> = top.keys().cloned().collect();
-            for key in keys {
-                if !RECORD_FIELDS.contains(&key.as_str())
-                    && let Some(value) = top.remove(&key)
-                {
-                    file.not_understood.push(format!("field `{key}`"));
-                    file.fields.push((key, value));
-                }
-            }
-            take_unread::<Sheet>(top, "sheets", "sheet", &mut file);
-            take_unread::<Source>(top, "sources", "source", &mut file);
-            read = can_read(v);
-        }
-        let d = read.map_err(|why| {
-            DocError::Invalid(format!(
-                "this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {}, this version reads up to {}) and this version can't read it: {why}. Update SolidCraft to open it",
-                newer.format, newer.reads_up_to
-            ))
-        })?;
-        let (format, format_pending) = if newer.format > newer.reads_up_to {
-            (DRAWING.format_string(newer.format), applied.unwrap_or_default())
-        } else {
-            let mut pending = DRAWING.pending_names();
-            pending.extend(newer.unknown_changes.iter().cloned());
-            (DRAWING.format_string(DRAWING.current()), pending)
-        };
-        Ok(Drawing { format, format_pending, newer_file: Some(Arc::new(file)), ..d })
+        Ok(Drawing { format: DRAWING.format_string(DRAWING.current()), format_pending: DRAWING.pending_names(), ..d })
     }
 
     /// The drawing's JSON: the same bytes for the same drawing. JSON longer than a read takes
@@ -314,15 +200,7 @@ impl Drawing {
     /// properties are kept as they came, and indenting them can make a drawing that read in
     /// under the limit save over it.
     pub fn to_json(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        let unsaved = |e: serde_json::Error| DocError::Invalid(format!("drawing not saved: {e}"));
-        let text = match &self.newer_file {
-            None => serde_json::to_string_pretty(self).map_err(unsaved)?,
-            Some(file) => {
-                let mut value = serde_json::to_value(self).map_err(unsaved)?;
-                file.restore(&mut value);
-                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value).map_err(unsaved)?
-            }
-        };
+        let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(self).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("drawing not saved: {e}")))?;
         require(text.len() <= MAX_DRAWING_BYTES, || format!("drawing too large to save (at most {} MiB)", MAX_DRAWING_BYTES >> 20))?;
         Ok(text)
     }

crates/doc/src/drawing/format/pending/README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ whole format bump: never edit the `DRAWING` family in `format.rs`, another chang
 
 - Name it after the change, lowercase with dashes: `sheet-views.rs`.
 - Start it with a `//!` note: what is saved, what an older drawing gets without it, and what
-  the last release does with a drawing that has it (it warns about the newer format number, opens what it can read and keeps the rest).
+  the last release does with a drawing that has it (it refuses the newer format number).
 - If older drawings must be rewritten as they open, add the step to the same file:
 
   ```rust

crates/doc/src/drawing_tests.rs

@@ -325,28 +325,28 @@ fn damaged_files_are_refused_and_never_patched() {
         let why = refused(&d, edit);
         assert!(why.starts_with("damaged drawing: ") && why.contains("unknown field"), "{i}: {why}");
     }
-    // A newer build's file isn't held to this build's rules: a field it doesn't know, or a sheet with
-    // a number out of range, stays out. With no sheet left to show, it says why.
+    // A newer build's file is refused as one before anything in it is read: a field this build
+    // doesn't know, or a number out of its range.
     let (current, newer) = (DRAWING.current(), DRAWING.current() + 1);
     let why = refused(&d, |v| {
         v["format"] = json!(DRAWING.format_string(newer));
         v["views"] = json!([]);
+        v["sheets"][0]["dpi"] = json!(1e10);
     });
-    assert_eq!(why, "read");
-    let why = refused(&d, |v| {
-        v["format"] = json!(DRAWING.format_string(newer));
-        v["sheets"] = json!([{"id": "future", "a_future_field": true}]);
-    });
-    assert!(
-        why.starts_with(&format!(
-            "this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {newer}, this version reads up to {current}) and this version can't read it: "
-        )),
-        "{why}"
+    assert_eq!(
+        why,
+        format!(
+            "this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format {newer}; this version reads formats up to {current}): update SolidCraft to open it"
+        )
     );
     // A list of pending changes means nothing beside a format made of none; beside the pending
     // number, a change this build doesn't know is a newer build's.
     let why = refused(&d, |v| v["format_pending"] = json!(["a-later-change"]));
-    assert_eq!(why, "read");
+    if DRAWING.pending_names().is_empty() {
+        assert_eq!(why, "read");
+    } else {
+        assert!(why.contains("newer SolidCraft"), "{why}");
+    }
     // A design is never read as a drawing, nor a drawing as a design.
     let design = crate::Document::new("Plate").to_json();
     let design_format = crate::format::format_string(crate::format::FORMAT);
@@ -551,32 +551,3 @@ fn mutate(v: &mut Value, pick: &mut usize, lie: &Value, how: u64) -> bool {
         _ => false,
     }
 }
-
-/// A drawing a newer build saved opens, with what it can read, and saving keeps the rest.
-#[test]
-fn a_newer_builds_drawing_opens_and_keeps_what_it_cant_read() {
-    let d = plate();
-    let mut file: Value = file(&d);
-    assert!(file.as_object().unwrap().keys().all(|key| RECORD_FIELDS.contains(&key.as_str())), "a new field goes in RECORD_FIELDS");
-    let newer = DRAWING.format_string(DRAWING.current() + 1);
-    file["format"] = json!(newer);
-    // With nothing it can't read: the same drawing.
-    let opened = Drawing::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(opened.sheets, d.sheets);
-    assert!(opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().notice().starts_with("Saved by a newer SolidCraft"));
-    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&opened.to_json().unwrap()).unwrap()["format"], json!(newer));
-    // A field and a second sheet it can't read stay out, named, and go back.
-    file["views"] = json!([{"id": "a"}]);
-    let mut future_sheet = file["sheets"][0].clone();
-    future_sheet["name"] = json!("Future");
-    future_sheet["future_layers"] = json!([1]);
-    file["sheets"].as_array_mut().unwrap().push(future_sheet);
-    let opened = Drawing::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(opened.sheets, d.sheets);
-    let said = &opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().not_understood;
-    assert!(said.iter().any(|what| what.contains("views")) && said.iter().any(|what| what.contains("Future")), "{said:?}");
-    let again: Value = serde_json::from_str(&opened.to_json().unwrap()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(again["views"], file["views"]);
-    assert_eq!(again["sheets"].as_array().unwrap().len(), d.sheets.len() + 1);
-    assert_eq!(again["format"], json!(newer));
-}

crates/doc/src/eval.rs

@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ impl ModelState {
     }
 
     /// A digest of everything later features can read: bodies (by content identity), sketches,
-    /// the body counter, threads and sheet bodies.
+    /// the body counter, threads, sheet bodies and construction geometry.
     fn digest(&self) -> u64 {
         let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
         for b in &self.bodies {
@@ -701,12 +701,19 @@ impl ModelState {
         }
         serde_json::to_string(&self.threads).unwrap_or_default().hash(&mut h);
         serde_json::to_string(&self.sheets).unwrap_or_default().hash(&mut h);
+        // Construction axes, planes and points so far: features find them here by name, and a
+        // result taken from the cache brings back the ones it was made with, so one moved past
+        // a feature must change the key (#9544). A state without any hashes as before.
+        if !self.construct.is_empty() {
+            serde_json::to_string(&self.construct).unwrap_or_default().hash(&mut h);
+        }
         h.finish()
     }
 
     /// After a feature evaluated to this state from `before` with cache key `key`: bodies it
     /// made or changed take that key, sketches it made a digest of their solved geometry (see
     /// [`quantize`]); the rest keep theirs.
+    /// `f` must have gone through [`naming_feature`]: face naming reads no parameter values.
     fn stamp(&mut self, doc: &Document, before: &Arc<ModelState>, f: &Feature, key: u64, mats: Vec<Mat>) {
         let feature = f.id;
         let depth = before.bodies.iter().filter_map(|b| b.names.depth()).max().unwrap_or(0) + 1;
@@ -1084,8 +1091,8 @@ pub struct Model {
     pub no_cache: bool,
     /// Results kept besides the cache ([`Model::keep`]).
     kept: KeptSlot,
-    /// The imported texts' digests the last `evaluate` fingerprinted the features with.
-    step_digests: StepDigests,
+    /// Embedded imports' content digests from the last evaluation.
+    import_digests: ImportDigests,
     /// The address of the shared document whose fingerprints the results were last given in
     /// full, with [`fingerprints_digest`] of them then ([`Model::pinned_prefix`]). Only an
     /// address: a reference to the document would make every in-place edit of it a copy.
@@ -1124,7 +1131,7 @@ fn param_names(f: &Feature) -> Vec<String> {
     names
 }
 
-fn fingerprint(doc: &Document, prev: u64, f: &Feature, vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, rolled_back: bool, steps: &StepDigests) -> u64 {
+fn fingerprint(doc: &Document, prev: u64, f: &Feature, vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, rolled_back: bool, steps: &ImportDigests) -> u64 {
     let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
     prev.hash(&mut h);
     rolled_back.hash(&mut h);
@@ -1145,34 +1152,73 @@ fn fingerprint(doc: &Document, prev: u64, f: &Feature, vals: &BTreeMap<String, V
     h.finish()
 }
 
-/// The digests of the Import features' STEP texts, by feature id, with the text each was taken
-/// from. Every evaluation fingerprints every feature, and writing out a design's imported files
-/// each time made every command as slow as the files are large: a text is shared (`Arc`), so
-/// its digest is taken once and kept while the feature holds that same text.
+/// Content digests for embedded imports. Shared, unchanged arrays/text are read once;
+/// feature metadata is still fingerprinted on every evaluation. Rebuilding this map prunes
+/// removed features and never trusts an address without retaining and checking its Arc.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
-struct StepDigests(std::collections::HashMap<u64, (Arc<str>, u64)>);
+struct ImportDigests {
+    steps: std::collections::HashMap<u64, (Arc<str>, u64)>,
+    meshes: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<MeshDigest>>,
+}
 
-impl StepDigests {
-    /// The digests of `doc`'s imported texts, reusing `known` for texts it has seen.
-    fn of(doc: &Document, known: &StepDigests) -> StepDigests {
-        let texts = doc.features.iter().filter_map(|f| match &f.kind {
-            FeatureKind::Import { step, .. } => Some((f.id, step)),
-            _ => None,
-        });
-        StepDigests(
-            texts
-                .map(|(id, step)| {
-                    let digest = known.get(id, step).unwrap_or_else(|| step_text_digest(step));
-                    (id, (step.clone(), digest))
-                })
-                .collect(),
-        )
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct MeshDigest {
+    positions: Arc<[f64]>,
+    triangles: Arc<[u32]>,
+    digest: u64,
+}
+
+impl MeshDigest {
+    fn matches(&self, mesh: &crate::MeshData) -> bool {
+        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.positions, &mesh.positions) && Arc::ptr_eq(&self.triangles, &mesh.triangles)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ImportDigests {
+    fn of(doc: &Document, known: &ImportDigests) -> ImportDigests {
+        let mut out = ImportDigests::default();
+        for f in &doc.features {
+            match &f.kind {
+                FeatureKind::Import { step, .. } => {
+                    let digest = known.get(f.id, step).unwrap_or_else(|| step_text_digest(step));
+                    out.steps.insert(f.id, (step.clone(), digest));
+                }
+                FeatureKind::MeshImport { meshes, .. } => {
+                    let digests = meshes
+                        .iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .map(|(index, mesh)| {
+                            let digest = known.mesh(f.id, index, mesh).unwrap_or_else(|| mesh_content_digest(mesh));
+                            MeshDigest { positions: mesh.positions.clone(), triangles: mesh.triangles.clone(), digest }
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    out.meshes.insert(f.id, digests);
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        out
     }
 
-    /// The digest of `step`, when it is the text feature `id` was last seen with.
     fn get(&self, id: u64, step: &Arc<str>) -> Option<u64> {
-        self.0.get(&id).filter(|(text, _)| Arc::ptr_eq(text, step)).map(|(_, digest)| *digest)
+        self.steps.get(&id).filter(|(text, _)| Arc::ptr_eq(text, step)).map(|(_, digest)| *digest)
     }
+
+    fn mesh(&self, id: u64, index: usize, mesh: &crate::MeshData) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.meshes.get(&id)?.get(index).filter(|cached| cached.matches(mesh)).map(|cached| cached.digest)
+    }
+}
+
+fn mesh_content_digest(mesh: &crate::MeshData) -> u64 {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    cost_tests::count(|c| c.mesh_digested += 1);
+    let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
+    mesh.positions.len().hash(&mut h);
+    for coordinate in mesh.positions.iter() {
+        coordinate.to_bits().hash(&mut h);
+    }
+    mesh.triangles.hash(&mut h);
+    h.finish()
 }
 
 fn step_text_digest(text: &str) -> u64 {
@@ -1208,12 +1254,12 @@ fn quantize(sk: &mut solidcraft_sketch::Sketch) {
 }
 
 /// A feature as fingerprinted: its definition, a sketch's stored solve quantized, an imported
-/// file's text by its digest.
+/// file's text or mesh payload by its content digest.
 /// Hash [`feature_json`] of `f` into `h`. Every evaluation fingerprints every feature, and in a
 /// design built command by command almost all of them are the same as last time: the text of a
 /// feature is kept (by id) with the feature it was written from, and written again only when the
-/// feature differs. An Import's text also depends on its STEP digest, so it is written each time
-/// as before.
+/// feature differs. Embedded imports also depend on their content digests, so their small
+/// metadata-and-digest representation is written each time without comparing large arrays.
 ///
 /// The texts are shared by every thread: a command evaluated ahead runs on a new worker thread
 /// each time (the desktop's deferred commands and delete checks, the control channel's ahead
@@ -1221,10 +1267,10 @@ fn quantize(sk: &mut solidcraft_sketch::Sketch) {
 /// feature again. The lock is held only to look up or store an entry, never while a feature is
 /// compared or written; an entry is the same whichever thread wrote it, since the text is a
 /// function of the feature alone.
-fn hash_feature_json(f: &Feature, steps: &StepDigests, h: &mut impl Hasher) {
+fn hash_feature_json(f: &Feature, steps: &ImportDigests, h: &mut impl Hasher) {
     type Written = std::collections::HashMap<u64, Arc<(Feature, String)>>;
     static WRITTEN: std::sync::LazyLock<std::sync::Mutex<Written>> = std::sync::LazyLock::new(Default::default);
-    if matches!(f.kind, FeatureKind::Import { .. }) {
+    if matches!(f.kind, FeatureKind::Import { .. } | FeatureKind::MeshImport { .. }) {
         feature_json(f, steps).hash(h);
         return;
     }
@@ -1247,7 +1293,21 @@ fn hash_feature_json(f: &Feature, steps: &StepDigests, h: &mut impl Hasher) {
     written.insert(f.id, entry);
 }
 
-fn feature_json(f: &Feature, steps: &StepDigests) -> String {
+fn feature_json(f: &Feature, steps: &ImportDigests) -> String {
+    if matches!(&f.kind, FeatureKind::MeshImport { .. }) {
+        let mut g = f.clone();
+        let mut digests = Vec::new();
+        if let FeatureKind::MeshImport { meshes, .. } = &mut g.kind {
+            for (index, mesh) in meshes.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                digests.push(steps.mesh(f.id, index, mesh).unwrap_or_else(|| mesh_content_digest(mesh)));
+                mesh.positions = Arc::from([]);
+                mesh.triangles = Arc::from([]);
+            }
+        }
+        // Keep the complete definition (including mesh order, names and colors) without
+        // writing the large numeric arrays out again. Equal content in fresh Arcs hashes alike.
+        return serde_json::to_string(&(g, digests)).unwrap_or_default();
+    }
     if let FeatureKind::Import { step, .. } = &f.kind {
         let mut g = f.clone();
         if let FeatureKind::Import { step: text, .. } = &mut g.kind {
@@ -1322,6 +1382,12 @@ impl Document {
     pub fn evaluation_values(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, Value> {
         evaluation_values(self).0
     }
+
+    /// A placement point read as the features read it: the parameters, and a bare number
+    /// beside them in the design's length unit (#9015).
+    pub fn eval_point(&self, p: &crate::PointExpr) -> Result<Vec3> {
+        point(&self.evaluation_values(), p)
+    }
 }
 
 /// The values features are evaluated with: the parameters, and the design's length unit.
@@ -1344,7 +1410,7 @@ fn chain_fingerprint(
     f: &Feature,
     prev: u64,
     rolled_back: bool,
-    steps: &StepDigests,
+    steps: &ImportDigests,
     st: Option<&ModelState>,
 ) -> u64 {
     let mut fp = fingerprint(doc, prev, f, vals, rolled_back, steps) ^ placement_digest(doc, f, st);
@@ -1422,7 +1488,7 @@ fn context_digest(doc: &Document, vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>) -> u64 {
     for f in doc.features.iter().filter(|f| {
         matches!(f.kind, FeatureKind::ConstructionPlane { .. } | FeatureKind::ConstructionAxis { .. } | FeatureKind::ConstructionPoint { .. })
     }) {
-        fingerprint(doc, 0, f, vals, false, &StepDigests::default()).hash(&mut h);
+        fingerprint(doc, 0, f, vals, false, &ImportDigests::default()).hash(&mut h);
     }
     doc.units.hash(&mut h);
     serde_json::to_string(&doc.sheet).unwrap_or_default().hash(&mut h);
@@ -1504,6 +1570,9 @@ fn cache_key(f: &Feature, chain_fp: u64, local: u64, ctx: u64, state: &ModelStat
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct PlacementReads {
     all: bool,
+    /// A body named that `st` lacks: a further placement's (`Block (Part:2)`), found through
+    /// its occurrence (#9957), or gone.
+    unlisted: bool,
     components: std::collections::BTreeSet<u64>,
     paths: Vec<Vec<u64>>,
     bodies: std::collections::BTreeSet<String>,
@@ -1542,14 +1611,17 @@ impl PlacementReads {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The component of body `name` in `st`; every component when the body is not there (a
-    /// projection then takes the body nearest its point, wherever that is).
+    /// The component of body `name` in `st`; every component and every placement when the body
+    /// is not there (a further placement's body, or the body nearest its point, wherever that is).
     fn body(&mut self, doc: &Document, st: Option<&ModelState>, name: &str) {
         match st.and_then(|st| st.body(name)) {
             Some(b) => {
                 self.components.insert(doc.model_body_component(b));
             }
-            None => self.all = true,
+            None => {
+                self.all = true;
+                self.unlisted = true;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1650,6 +1722,13 @@ fn placement_digest(doc: &Document, f: &Feature, st: Option<&ModelState>) -> u64
     for (sketch, _) in f.kind.profile_sels() {
         if doc.feature(sketch).is_some_and(|s| s.component != f.component) {
             reads.sketch(doc, sketch);
+            // A later transfer can preserve this profile's historical frame. Changes to that
+            // boundary (including suppression and rollback) must invalidate the constructor.
+            if let Some(relative) = crate::body_transfer::profile_frame(doc, f, sketch) {
+                "transferred profile".hash(&mut h);
+                sketch.hash(&mut h);
+                hash_placement(&relative, &mut h);
+            }
         }
     }
     let path = match &f.kind {
@@ -1778,6 +1857,9 @@ fn placement_digest(doc: &Document, f: &Feature, st: Option<&ModelState>) -> u64
         }
     }
     hash_placed_bodies(doc, st, &reads.bodies, &inverse, &mut h);
+    if reads.unlisted {
+        placements_hash(doc).hash(&mut h);
+    }
     // Legacy and component-wide reads still need the conservative offset dependency. Body
     // reads above already include just their own offsets, in the frame that evaluates them.
     if reads.all || !reads.components.is_empty() || !reads.paths.is_empty() {
@@ -1915,7 +1997,7 @@ impl Model {
         }
         // The fingerprints from the first stored sketch on.
         let vals = evaluation_values(doc).0;
-        let steps = StepDigests::of(doc, &self.step_digests);
+        let steps = ImportDigests::of(doc, &self.import_digests);
         let marker = doc.marker.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
         let mut prev_fp = first.checked_sub(1).and_then(|i| self.results.get(i)).map_or(0, |r| r.fingerprint);
         for (i, f) in doc.features.iter().enumerate().skip(first) {
@@ -1965,7 +2047,7 @@ impl Model {
             return false;
         }
         let vals = evaluation_values(doc).0;
-        let steps = StepDigests::of(doc, &self.step_digests);
+        let steps = ImportDigests::of(doc, &self.import_digests);
         let marker = doc.marker.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
         let mut prev = 0;
         // The model each feature starts from (which components the bodies it names are in).
@@ -2030,7 +2112,7 @@ impl Model {
         let previous_context = self.context;
         let mut rolled_results = std::mem::take(&mut self.rolled_results);
         self.context = ctx;
-        self.step_digests = StepDigests::of(doc, &self.step_digests);
+        self.import_digests = ImportDigests::of(doc, &self.import_digests);
         let primed = self.primed.as_ref().filter(|(context, _)| !self.no_cache && *context == ctx).map(|(_, results)| results.clone());
         // Each feature's component, for `Document::legacy_body_component` on every body after
         // every feature without searching the timeline for each (the first feature with an id).
@@ -2065,7 +2147,7 @@ impl Model {
             };
             // Opening was cancelled: the rest is skipped and the result discarded.
             let cancelled = watched.step(i);
-            let fp = chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev_fp, rolled_back, &self.step_digests, Some(&state));
+            let fp = chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev_fp, rolled_back, &self.import_digests, Some(&state));
             prev_fp = fp;
             let current = |old: &&FeatureResult| old.id == f.id && old.fingerprint == fp && !old.stale;
             // A state the saved model did not keep is evaluated again from the one before it; the
@@ -2141,7 +2223,7 @@ impl Model {
             }
             // The same feature on the same inputs: its earlier result.
             let key =
-                cache_key(f, fp, fingerprint(doc, 0, f, &vals, false, &self.step_digests) ^ placement_digest(doc, f, Some(&state)), ctx, &state);
+                cache_key(f, fp, fingerprint(doc, 0, f, &vals, false, &self.import_digests) ^ placement_digest(doc, f, Some(&state)), ctx, &state);
             let kept = self.kept.0.as_ref().filter(|_| !self.no_cache);
             if !self.no_cache
                 && let Some(c) = self
@@ -2276,7 +2358,9 @@ impl Model {
                         }
                         _ => mats,
                     };
-                    next.stamp(doc, &state, f, key, mats);
+                    // A revolve axis origin that follows parameters names its faces from its values.
+                    let named = naming_feature(&vals, f);
+                    next.stamp(doc, &state, &named, key, mats);
                     // Evaluated again only for what came before it (a mirror moved by a drag).
                     if let Some(old) = self.results.get(i).filter(|old| old.id == f.id) {
                         let made = old.state.bodies.iter().filter(|b| b.feature == f.id).map(|b| (b.name.as_str(), b));
@@ -2495,7 +2579,7 @@ impl Model {
     pub(crate) fn refingerprint_from(&mut self, doc: &Document, start: usize) {
         self.placement_inputs = None;
         self.fingerprinted = None;
-        self.step_digests = StepDigests::of(doc, &self.step_digests);
+        self.import_digests = ImportDigests::of(doc, &self.import_digests);
         let start = start.min(self.results.len()).min(doc.features.len());
         if start == self.results.len().min(doc.features.len()) {
             return;
@@ -2507,7 +2591,7 @@ impl Model {
         // Each feature's fingerprint reads the model it starts from, as evaluating does.
         let mut before = last.map_or_else(|| Arc::new(ModelState::default()), |r| r.state.clone());
         for (i, (r, f)) in self.results.iter_mut().zip(&doc.features).enumerate().skip(start) {
-            prev = chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev, i >= marker, &self.step_digests, Some(&before));
+            prev = chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev, i >= marker, &self.import_digests, Some(&before));
             r.fingerprint = prev;
             before = r.state.clone();
         }
@@ -3593,10 +3677,11 @@ pub fn hole_on_surface(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, dir: Vec3, scope: &[String]) ->
 /// The faces of the model near `p`: for each, how far `p` is from it, the outward normal there
 /// (the surface's own normal for planes, cylinders and spheres, turned the way the face looks out
 /// of its body; the nearest mesh facet's otherwise) and, for a plane, how far `p` is from the
-/// plane itself. Only faces within `reach` of `p`, nearest first.
-fn faces_through(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, reach: f64) -> Vec<(f64, Vec3, Option<f64>)> {
+/// plane itself. Only faces within `reach` of `p`, nearest first, of the bodies in `scope`
+/// (every body when it is empty).
+fn faces_through(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, reach: f64, scope: &[String]) -> Vec<(f64, Vec3, Option<f64>)> {
     let mut out: Vec<(f64, Vec3, Option<f64>)> = Vec::new();
-    for b in st.bodies.iter().filter(|b| !b.body.is_mesh()) {
+    for b in st.bodies.iter().filter(|b| !b.body.is_mesh() && in_hole_scope(scope, b)) {
         let m = b.mesh();
         // The nearest facet of each face of this body.
         let mut near: BTreeMap<u32, (f64, Vec3)> = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -3642,13 +3727,29 @@ fn faces_through(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, reach: f64) -> Vec<(f64, Vec3, Option
     out
 }
 
+/// The faces near `p` a hole placed there goes by (as [`faces_through`]): those of the bodies in
+/// `scope`, the hole's own, when one of them passes within `on` of `p`, else those of every body.
+/// Where a plate's face touches another body both faces pass through `p`, and a hole that drills
+/// the plate goes by the plate's face, never the other body's (#12066). A hole placed on another
+/// body's face, to drill through it into its own body behind, still goes by that face.
+fn hole_faces_through(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, reach: f64, on: f64, scope: &[String]) -> Vec<(f64, Vec3, Option<f64>)> {
+    if !scope.is_empty() {
+        let own = faces_through(st, p, reach, scope);
+        if own.first().is_some_and(|(d, _, _)| *d <= on) {
+            return own;
+        }
+    }
+    faces_through(st, p, reach, &[])
+}
+
 /// The way a hole placed at `p` drills: into the material, against the outward normal of the
 /// face `p` lies on. A point on no face (a planar face's centroid outside it, say) takes the
 /// nearest planar face whose plane it lies in, else the face nearest it within its body's pick
-/// tolerance. None when no face is near.
-pub fn hole_direction_at(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3) -> Option<Vec3> {
+/// tolerance. None when no face is near. Where the faces of several bodies pass through `p`, those
+/// of the bodies in `scope` (the bodies the hole drills; empty for every body) decide.
+pub fn hole_direction_at(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, scope: &[String]) -> Option<Vec3> {
     let size = st.bodies.iter().map(|b| b.body.size()).fold(1.0, f64::max);
-    let faces = faces_through(st, p, f64::INFINITY);
+    let faces = hole_faces_through(st, p, f64::INFINITY, size * 1e-4, scope);
     if let Some((d, n, _)) = faces.first()
         && *d <= size * 1e-4
     {
@@ -3665,10 +3766,13 @@ pub fn hole_direction_at(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3) -> Option<Vec3> {
 /// starts on (as designs saved before format 18 can say: their direction was taken from any face
 /// whose plane passed near the point, such as the other side of a thin plate or a face of another
 /// body at the same height), it is mirrored in the face it starts on, so it goes in at the same
-/// angle. A direction that enters a face there, or a spot on no face, is kept.
-fn hole_dir_into_face(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, dir: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+/// angle. A direction that enters a face there, or a spot on no face, is kept. Where the faces of
+/// the hole's own bodies (`scope`, see [`hole_drill_scope`]) pass through the spot, only they
+/// count: a hole that names the plate it drills, saved with the direction into a body touching
+/// the plate there, drills the plate (#12066).
+fn hole_dir_into_face(st: &ModelState, p: Vec3, dir: Vec3, scope: &[String]) -> Vec3 {
     let size = st.bodies.iter().map(|b| b.body.size()).fold(1.0, f64::max);
-    let faces = faces_through(st, p, size * 1e-5);
+    let faces = hole_faces_through(st, p, size * 1e-5, size * 1e-5, scope);
     if faces.is_empty() || faces.iter().any(|(_, n, _)| n.dot(dir) < -1e-9) {
         return dir;
     }
@@ -4140,10 +4244,26 @@ fn blend_body(
     Ok((Traced::step(nb.with_preserved_planar_sources(&mb.body)?, &[&from]), used, tapered))
 }
 
+/// `f` as the naming of its faces reads it: a revolve's explicit axis origin written as the values
+/// it has now (the naming has no parameter values to read an expression with).
+fn naming_feature<'a>(vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, f: &'a Feature) -> std::borrow::Cow<'a, Feature> {
+    if let FeatureKind::Revolve { axis: AxisRef::Line { origin, .. }, .. } = &f.kind
+        && let Ok(o) = point(vals, origin)
+    {
+        let mut g = f.clone();
+        if let FeatureKind::Revolve { axis: AxisRef::Line { origin, .. }, .. } = &mut g.kind {
+            *origin = [format!("{} mm", o.x).into(), format!("{} mm", o.y).into(), format!("{} mm", o.z).into()];
+        }
+        return std::borrow::Cow::Owned(g);
+    }
+    std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(f)
+}
+
 /// The revolve axis in the sketch's plane coordinates (a point and a direction). `st` is the model
 /// an axis on an edge or face of it is found in; `construct` gives a construction axis, by name, in
-/// the sketch's 3D frame.
+/// the sketch's 3D frame; `vals` are the parameter values an explicit axis's origin is read with.
 pub(crate) fn revolve_axis(
+    vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>,
     ss: &SolvedSketch,
     axis: &AxisRef,
     st: &ModelState,
@@ -4178,7 +4298,7 @@ pub(crate) fn revolve_axis(
             }
             Ok((pl.to_local(Vec3::ZERO), Vec2::new(d.dot(pl.x), d.dot(pl.y))))
         }
-        AxisRef::Line { origin, dir } => line_in_sketch_plane(ss, origin.0, dir.0),
+        AxisRef::Line { origin, dir } => line_in_sketch_plane(ss, point(vals, origin)?, dir.0),
         AxisRef::Model { geo } => {
             let (o, d) = crate::construct::model_axis(st, geo)?;
             line_in_sketch_plane(ss, o, d)
@@ -4287,6 +4407,13 @@ fn hole_scope(f: &Feature) -> &[String] {
     }
 }
 
+/// The bodies whose faces decide which way a hole placed at a position drills, where they pass
+/// through it: the bodies it cuts when it names them, so a body touching the face there can't
+/// turn it round (#12066). Empty (every body) otherwise, and for `["*"]`.
+fn hole_drill_scope(f: &Feature) -> &[String] {
+    if f.participants.iter().any(|b| b == "*") { &[] } else { &f.participants }
+}
+
 fn in_hole_scope(scope: &[String], b: &ModelBody) -> bool {
     scope.is_empty() || scope.contains(&b.name)
 }
@@ -4312,7 +4439,7 @@ fn hole_spots(vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, st: &ModelState, f: &Feature) -> R
             let dir = direction.normalized().ok_or_else(|| DocError::Invalid("hole direction".into()))?;
             let at = hole_on_surface(st, single_hole_position(vals, st, position, at, points)?, dir, &[]);
             let at = with_references(vals, st, f, at, dir, true)?;
-            let dir = hole_dir_into_face(st, at, dir);
+            let dir = hole_dir_into_face(st, at, dir, hole_drill_scope(f));
             return Ok((vec![hole_on_surface(st, at, dir, &[])], dir));
         }
     };
@@ -4360,7 +4487,7 @@ fn hole_spots_raw(vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, st: &ModelState, f: &Feature)
             let dir = direction.normalized().ok_or_else(|| DocError::Invalid("hole direction".into()))?;
             let p = single_hole_position(vals, st, position, at, points)?;
             let p = if hole_references(f).is_empty() { p } else { with_references(vals, st, f, hole_on_surface(st, p, dir, &[]), dir, false)? };
-            Ok((vec![p], hole_dir_into_face(st, hole_on_surface(st, p, dir, &[]), dir)))
+            Ok((vec![p], hole_dir_into_face(st, hole_on_surface(st, p, dir, &[]), dir, hole_drill_scope(f))))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -5051,10 +5178,10 @@ fn feature_tools_with_constructor(
     let unnamed = |bodies: Vec<Body>| -> Vec<Traced> { bodies.into_iter().map(Traced::unnamed).collect() };
     match &f.kind {
         FeatureKind::Extrude { sketch, profiles, extent, operation, targets, thin } => {
-            let ss = sketch_in_feature_frame(
+            let ss = constructor_profile_in_frame(
                 doc,
                 st.sketch(sketch.0).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("sketch {sketch} (it must come earlier in the timeline)")))?,
-                f.component,
+                f,
             )?;
             let regions = match thin {
                 Some(thin) => thin_regions(vals, &ss, thin)?,
@@ -5278,14 +5405,15 @@ fn feature_tools_with_constructor(
             Ok(tools)
         }
         FeatureKind::Revolve { sketch, profiles, axis, angle, angle2, symmetric, convention, to, .. } => {
-            let ss = sketch_in_feature_frame(
+            let ss = constructor_profile_in_frame(
                 doc,
                 st.sketch(sketch.0).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("sketch {sketch} (it must come earlier in the timeline)")))?,
-                f.component,
+                f,
             )?;
             let regions = solidcraft_sketch::merge_regions(&select_profiles(&ss, profiles)?);
-            let (o, d) =
-                revolve_axis(&ss, axis, &*axis_state(doc, st, f.component, axis)?, &|name| construction_axis_in(Some(doc), st, name, f.component))?;
+            let (o, d) = revolve_axis(vals, &ss, axis, &*axis_state(doc, st, f.component, axis)?, &|name| {
+                construction_axis_in(Some(doc), st, name, f.component)
+            })?;
             // To Object is in this feature's component frame: the model as seen from there.
             let tst = if to.is_some() { state_in_frame(doc, st, f.component)? } else { std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(st) };
             let angles = if to.is_some() {
@@ -5686,16 +5814,27 @@ fn sketch_in_feature_frame(doc: &Document, sketch: &SolvedSketch, consumer: u64)
     profile_in_frame(doc, sketch, consumer)
 }
 
+fn constructor_profile_in_frame(doc: &Document, sketch: &SolvedSketch, feature: &Feature) -> Result<SolvedSketch> {
+    match crate::body_transfer::profile_frame(doc, feature, sketch.feature) {
+        Some(relative) => profile_with_transform(sketch, &relative),
+        None => sketch_in_feature_frame(doc, sketch, feature.component),
+    }
+}
+
 fn profile_in_frame(doc: &Document, sketch: &SolvedSketch, consumer: u64) -> Result<SolvedSketch> {
     let owner = doc.feature(sketch.feature).map(|feature| feature.component).unwrap_or(0);
     let inverse =
         crate::mat_inverse(&doc.component_transform(consumer)).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Invalid("profile consumer frame is invalid".into()))?;
     let relative = crate::mat_mul(&inverse, &doc.component_transform(owner));
+    profile_with_transform(sketch, &relative)
+}
+
+fn profile_with_transform(sketch: &SolvedSketch, relative: &Mat) -> Result<SolvedSketch> {
     let mut mapped = sketch.clone();
     mapped.plane = Plane::new(
-        crate::apply_point(&relative, sketch.plane.origin),
-        crate::apply_vector(&relative, sketch.plane.x),
-        crate::apply_vector(&relative, sketch.plane.y),
+        crate::apply_point(relative, sketch.plane.origin),
+        crate::apply_vector(relative, sketch.plane.x),
+        crate::apply_vector(relative, sketch.plane.y),
     )
     .ok_or_else(|| DocError::Invalid("profile sketch frame is invalid".into()))?;
     Ok(mapped)
@@ -6596,6 +6735,24 @@ fn replay(
             }
             continue;
         }
+        // A moved copy is copied again as a body: each instance is the copy the Move made,
+        // placed by the pattern (#5931).
+        if let FeatureKind::Move { copy: true, .. } = &src.kind {
+            let made: Vec<ModelBody> = st.bodies.iter().filter(|b| b.feature == src.id).cloned().collect();
+            if made.is_empty() {
+                return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!("{} made no copy to repeat", src.name)));
+            }
+            let mut output = 0;
+            for (k, m) in mats.iter().enumerate() {
+                for mb in &made {
+                    let moved = moved_copy(mb, kernel::transform_matrix(&mb.body, *m)?, first + k + 1);
+                    let name = copy_body_name(st, f, output, &mb.name);
+                    st.bodies.push(ModelBody::traced_new(name, moved, f.id));
+                    output += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
         let (op, targets) = feature_op(src);
         // A primitive's or a hole's targets are its participants (#1108): the copies change
         // those bodies only, like the feature itself (#2755).
@@ -7064,7 +7221,6 @@ fn eval_feature(
     // Its tools meet bodies in other placements where those are shown (#3383).
     let _frames = ToolFrames::install(doc, f, st);
     match &f.kind {
-        FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { raw } => Err(DocError::Invalid(raw.why())),
         FeatureKind::BodyTransfer { bodies, from, to, transform } => {
             crate::body_transfer::evaluate(doc, st, &crate::plain(bodies), *from, *to, *transform)
         }
@@ -7114,6 +7270,14 @@ fn eval_feature(
                 None if !plane_reads_geometry(plane) && sketch.links.is_empty() => std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(st),
                 None => state_in_frame(doc, st, f.component)?,
             };
+            // A further placement a link reads is placed in its frame too (#9957).
+            let named: Vec<&str> = sketch.links.iter().flat_map(|l| l.source.bodies()).collect();
+            let fst = match anchor.map(|anchor| anchor.author_frame(doc, f.component)) {
+                _ if named.is_empty() => fst,
+                Some(Ok(frame)) => with_placed_copies(doc, st, fst, &frame, &named),
+                Some(Err(_)) => fst,
+                None => with_placed_copies(doc, st, fst, &doc.component_transform(f.component), &named),
+            };
             let (plane, face_warning) = match (anchor, plane) {
                 (Some(_), plane) => doc.resolve_attached_plane_noted(vals, plane, f.component, st, &fst)?,
                 // A flat face of a sheet: the panel's exact plane, from its flat region and fold.
@@ -8351,6 +8515,51 @@ pub fn state_in_frame_at<'a>(doc: &Document, st: &'a ModelState, comp: u64, fram
     Ok(Cow::Owned(out))
 }
 
+/// `framed` (the model `st` in the frame that `frame` places in the world) with the further
+/// placements `names` names (`Block (Part:2)`), where they are in the world. A component's model
+/// holds its first placement only, so a sketch projecting a copy's face found no body of that
+/// name and took the first placement's (#9957). Only the named ones are placed: placing every
+/// body of an assembly for each sketch made sketch edits as slow as the design is big.
+pub fn with_placed_copies<'a>(
+    doc: &Document,
+    st: &ModelState,
+    framed: std::borrow::Cow<'a, ModelState>,
+    frame: &Mat,
+    names: &[&str],
+) -> std::borrow::Cow<'a, ModelState> {
+    let missing: Vec<&str> = names.iter().copied().filter(|n| !n.is_empty() && framed.body(n).is_none()).collect();
+    if missing.is_empty() || doc.occurrences.is_empty() {
+        return framed;
+    }
+    let Some(inv) = crate::mat_inverse(frame) else { return framed };
+    let mut by_component: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<&ModelBody>> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    for (b, owner) in st.bodies.iter().zip(doc.model_body_components(st)) {
+        by_component.entry(owner).or_default().push(b);
+    }
+    let world = crate::WorldNames::new(doc, st);
+    let mut placed: Vec<ModelBody> = Vec::new();
+    for (comp, path, m) in doc.placements() {
+        for b in by_component.get(&comp).into_iter().flatten() {
+            let name = world.name(&b.name, comp, &path);
+            if !missing.contains(&name.as_str()) || placed.iter().any(|p| p.name == name) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let bm = doc.model_body_offset(b).map(|o| crate::mat_mul(&m, o)).unwrap_or(m);
+            if let Ok(mut copy) = st.body_in_frame(b, &crate::mat_mul(&inv, &bm)) {
+                copy.name = name;
+                copy.source_name = Some(b.definition_name().to_string());
+                placed.push(copy);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if placed.is_empty() {
+        return framed;
+    }
+    let mut out = framed.into_owned();
+    out.bodies.extend(placed);
+    std::borrow::Cow::Owned(out)
+}
+
 /// The model placed in the world: each component's bodies, sketches, threads and construction
 /// geometry through every occurrence of it (bodies of the first placement keep their names;
 /// further instances get the occurrence path in brackets). Without components this is the model

crates/doc/src/eval_cost_tests.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use solidcraft_sketch::Sketch;
 use crate::eval::{PlacementReads, body_world, hash_placement, placement_digest};
 use crate::*;
 
-/// Work counted on this thread: bodies moved, STEP texts digested, joint faces and bodies
+/// Work counted on this thread: bodies moved, STEP/mesh contents digested, joint faces and bodies
 /// measured, bodies searched for by name, features searched for by id, bodies a cut (or
 /// intersect) ran its booleans on, bodies searched for the cylinder a tap marking lies on,
 /// bodies whose faces a tapped hole read for its wall, intersects run to find a pattern's copies
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use crate::*;
 pub(super) struct Counts {
     pub moved: usize,
     pub digested: usize,
+    pub mesh_digested: usize,
     pub joint_faces: usize,
     pub measures: usize,
     pub body_searches: usize,
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ thread_local! {
         Cell::new(Counts {
             moved: 0,
             digested: 0,
+            mesh_digested: 0,
             joint_faces: 0,
             measures: 0,
             body_searches: 0,
@@ -1637,3 +1639,123 @@ fn tools_are_apart_only_when_they_neither_meet_nor_nest() {
     // A rod in the tube's bore, clear of its wall, is apart from it.
     assert!(super::tools_clearly_apart(&[tube, rod(0.0, 0.0, 3.0)]));
 }
+
+fn imported_meshes() -> Document {
+    let mut doc = Document::new("reference meshes");
+    let comp = doc.add_component(Some("Part"), 0).unwrap();
+    let meshes = (0..2)
+        .map(|i| MeshData {
+            name: format!("Mesh{i}"),
+            positions: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.0].into(),
+            triangles: [0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3].into(),
+            color: Some([0.2, 0.4, 0.6]),
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let id = doc.add_feature(FeatureKind::MeshImport { file: "tetrahedra.stl".into(), meshes }, Some("Meshes")).unwrap();
+    doc.feature_mut(id).unwrap().component = comp;
+    doc
+}
+
+fn meshes_mut(doc: &mut Document) -> &mut Vec<MeshData> {
+    let FeatureKind::MeshImport { meshes, .. } = &mut doc.features[0].kind else { panic!("mesh fixture") };
+    meshes
+}
+
+fn same_as_fresh(doc: &Document, model: &Model) {
+    let mut fresh = Model::new();
+    fresh.no_cache = true;
+    fresh.evaluate(doc);
+    assert_eq!(model.results.iter().map(|r| r.fingerprint).collect::<Vec<_>>(), fresh.results.iter().map(|r| r.fingerprint).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let (actual, expected) = (model.state(), fresh.state());
+    assert_eq!(actual.bodies.len(), expected.bodies.len());
+    for (a, b) in actual.bodies.iter().zip(&expected.bodies) {
+        assert_eq!(a.name, b.name);
+        assert_eq!(a.mesh().positions, b.mesh().positions);
+        assert_eq!(a.mesh().triangles, b.mesh().triangles);
+        assert_eq!(a.body.color(), b.body.color());
+    }
+    assert!(model.results.iter().all(|r| r.error.is_none()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unchanged_mesh_payloads_are_not_read_again_for_rigid_motion() {
+    let mut doc = imported_meshes();
+    let mut model = Model::new();
+    assert_eq!(counted(|| model.evaluate(&doc)).mesh_digested, 2);
+    for k in 1..5 {
+        doc = doc.clone(); // Undo/preview copies share the arrays, not the document itself.
+        doc.occurrences[0].transform = rigid(Vec3::new(f64::from(k), 2.0, 3.0), Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, 0.1 * f64::from(k));
+        assert_eq!(
+            counted(|| {
+                model.evaluate(&doc);
+                assert!(model.is_current(&doc));
+            })
+            .mesh_digested,
+            0
+        );
+        assert_eq!(model.last_recomputed, 0);
+        same_as_fresh(&doc, &model);
+    }
+    let saved = serde_json::to_string(&doc).unwrap();
+    let reopened: Document = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(counted(|| model.evaluate(&reopened)).mesh_digested, 2, "new array identities must be checked");
+    assert_eq!(model.last_recomputed, 0, "equal content has equal fingerprints");
+    same_as_fresh(&reopened, &model);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mesh_payload_edits_invalidate_the_cache_and_undo_restores_the_geometry() {
+    let mut doc = imported_meshes();
+    let original = doc.clone();
+    let mut model = Model::new();
+    model.evaluate(&doc);
+    let fingerprint = model.results[0].fingerprint;
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut meshes_mut(&mut doc)[0].positions)[3] = 5.0;
+    assert!(!model.is_current(&doc));
+    assert_eq!(counted(|| model.evaluate(&doc)).mesh_digested, 1);
+    assert_ne!(model.results[0].fingerprint, fingerprint);
+    same_as_fresh(&doc, &model);
+    let edited = doc.clone();
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut meshes_mut(&mut doc)[0].triangles).swap(0, 1);
+    assert_eq!(counted(|| model.evaluate(&doc)).mesh_digested, 1);
+    same_as_fresh(&doc, &model);
+    for restored in [&original, &edited, &original] {
+        model.evaluate(restored);
+        same_as_fresh(restored, &model);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(model.results[0].fingerprint, fingerprint);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mesh_metadata_and_order_remain_part_of_the_fingerprint() {
+    let mut doc = imported_meshes();
+    let mut model = Model::new();
+    model.evaluate(&doc);
+    for edit in 0..7 {
+        let before = model.results[0].fingerprint;
+        match edit {
+            0 => meshes_mut(&mut doc)[0].name = "Renamed".into(),
+            1 => meshes_mut(&mut doc)[0].color = Some([0.8, 0.1, 0.3]),
+            2 => doc.features[0].name = "Renamed feature".into(),
+            3 => meshes_mut(&mut doc).swap(0, 1),
+            4 => {
+                meshes_mut(&mut doc).pop();
+            }
+            5 => {
+                let mesh = meshes_mut(&mut doc)[0].clone();
+                meshes_mut(&mut doc).push(MeshData { name: "Added".into(), ..mesh });
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let FeatureKind::MeshImport { file, .. } = &mut doc.features[0].kind else { panic!("mesh fixture") };
+                *file = "renamed.stl".into();
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(!model.is_current(&doc));
+        let work = counted(|| model.evaluate(&doc));
+        if edit < 3 || edit == 6 {
+            assert_eq!(work.mesh_digested, 0, "metadata alone: {edit}");
+        }
+        assert_ne!(model.results[0].fingerprint, before, "edit {edit}");
+        same_as_fresh(&doc, &model);
+    }
+}

crates/doc/src/eval_surface.rs

@@ -63,13 +63,16 @@ pub(super) fn eval(doc: &Document, vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, f: &Feature,
             let t = val(vals, thickness, Kind::Length)?;
             let mut tools = Vec::new();
             for n in bodies {
-                let b = st.body(n).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("body `{n}`")))?;
-                tools.push(kernel::thicken(&b.body, t, *symmetric)?);
+                let b = st.body(n).cloned().ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("body `{n}`")))?;
+                // Kept face, offset and edge walls. Carry that history so a sketch can attach
+                // to the solid's faces and follow the thickness (#7641).
+                let thickened = kernel::thicken(&b.body, t, *symmetric)?;
+                tools.push(Traced::step(thickened, &[&b.traced()]));
             }
             if tools.is_empty() {
                 return Err(DocError::Invalid("pick the surfaces to thicken".into()));
             }
-            apply_op(doc, st, f, tools, *operation, &crate::plain(targets))
+            apply_traced(doc, st, f, tools, *operation, &crate::plain(targets))
         }
         FeatureKind::SurfaceTrim { body, plane, tool, keep, keep_more, curves, with, keep_with, stitch, extend } => {
             let i = st.bodies.iter().position(|b| &b.name == body).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("body `{body}`")))?;
@@ -308,7 +311,7 @@ pub(super) fn eval(doc: &Document, vals: &BTreeMap<String, Value>, f: &Feature,
                 st.sketch(sketch.0).ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("sketch {sketch} (it must come earlier in the timeline)")))?,
                 f.component,
             )?;
-            let (o, d) = revolve_axis(&ss, axis, &*super::axis_state(doc, st, f.component, axis)?, &|name| {
+            let (o, d) = revolve_axis(vals, &ss, axis, &*super::axis_state(doc, st, f.component, axis)?, &|name| {
                 construction_axis_in(Some(doc), st, name, f.component)
             })?;
             let a = val(vals, angle, Kind::Angle)?;

crates/doc/src/feature_geometry.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ impl FeatureKind {
 
     /// The body a feature that works on one body's faces names (shell, draft, split, offset,
     /// delete and replace face, surface offset, the placed plastic features, sheet metal
-    /// conversion, ruled surface, untrim): its face points pick faces of that body.
+    /// conversion, ruled surface, untrim, Split Body's tool face): its face points pick faces of
+    /// that body.
     pub fn face_body(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         match self {
             FeatureKind::Shell { body, .. }
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ impl FeatureKind {
             | FeatureKind::SnapFit { body, .. }
             | FeatureKind::Rest { body, .. } => body.as_deref(),
             FeatureKind::SheetConvert { body, .. } | FeatureKind::SurfaceRuled { body, .. } => Some(body.as_ref()),
-            FeatureKind::SurfaceUntrim { face, .. } => Some(face.body.as_ref()),
+            FeatureKind::SurfaceUntrim { face, .. } | FeatureKind::Split { tool: Some(face), .. } => Some(face.body.as_ref()),
             _ => None,
         }
     }

crates/doc/src/feature_walk_tests/fixtures.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ pub(super) fn fixtures() -> Vec<(&'static str, Value)> {
     let hole =
         |h: Value| json!({"type": "hole", "position": o, "direction": [0, 0, 1], "diameter": "hole.diameter", "depth": "hole.depth", "hole": h});
     vec![
-        ("newer_file_feature", json!({"type": "newer_file_feature", "raw": {"type": "gyroid_lattice", "cell": 2}})),
         (
             "body_transfer",
             json!({"type": "body_transfer", "bodies": ["B"], "from": 0, "to": 1, "transform": [[1,0,0,0],[0,1,0,0],[0,0,1,0],[0,0,0,1]]}),

crates/doc/src/feature_walk_tests/golden_exprs.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-newer_file_feature
 body_transfer
 sketch
   inputs:

crates/doc/src/feature_walk_tests/golden_geometry.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-newer_file_feature
 body_transfer
 sketch
   moves: plane.axis_dir[0], plane.axis_dir[1], plane.axis_origin[0], plane.axis_origin[1], plane.axis_origin[2]
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ revolve
   moves: axis.dir[0], axis.dir[1], axis.dir[2], axis.origin[0], axis.origin[1], axis.origin[2], to[0], to[1], to[2]
   face points: [3, 3.5, 3.25]
   profiles: 1 all
+  placement: 9, 9.5, 9.25
 fillet_constant
   moves: edges[0][0], edges[0][1], edges[0][2]
 fillet_chord
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ construction_plane
   moves: plane.axis_dir[0], plane.axis_dir[1], plane.axis_origin[0], plane.axis_origin[1], plane.axis_origin[2]
 split
   moves: plane.axis_dir[0], plane.axis_dir[1], plane.axis_origin[0], plane.axis_origin[1], plane.axis_origin[2], tool.point[0], tool.point[1], tool.point[2]
+  face points: [0, 0, 0]
 split_line
   moves: plane.axis_dir[0], plane.axis_dir[1], plane.axis_origin[0], plane.axis_origin[1], plane.axis_origin[2]
 construction_axis
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ surface_extrude
   face points: [1, 1.5, 1.25], [2, 2.5, 2.25]
 surface_revolve
   moves: axis.dir[0], axis.dir[1], axis.dir[2], axis.origin[0], axis.origin[1], axis.origin[2]
+  placement: 9, 9.5, 9.25
 surface_sweep
 surface_sweep_options
 surface_loft

crates/doc/src/feature_walk_tests/golden_refs.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-newer_file_feature
 body_transfer
   remap_bodies: bodies[0]
 sketch

crates/doc/src/format.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 //!
 //! A design file starts with `"format": "solidcraft/N"`. A file of an older format is read and
 //! upgraded step by step (N → N+1 → … → current): JSON-level steps first, for changes in the
-//! file's shape, then document-level steps. A file a newer build saved opens too, with a warning:
-//! what this build reads is read, what it doesn't is reported by name and kept for the next save
-//! (`crate::newer_file`).
+//! file's shape, then document-level steps. A file of a newer format than this build knows is
+//! refused with a message saying so, never guessed at.
 //!
 //! History:
 //! - 1: every design up to 2026-10-08 (format string since M0). Fields added over time all
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ const FORMATS: Formats<'static> = Formats { hand: &JSON_STEPS, folded: FOLDED, p
 
 /// A kind of file whose format is versioned here: designs, and drawings (#3890). Each family has
 /// its own format tag, its own numbers and its own folder of change files (`build.rs` lists them);
-/// reading a file's format, telling a file a newer build saved and the upgrade are the same code
+/// reading a file's format, refusing a file a newer build saved and the upgrade are the same code
 /// for every family.
 pub struct Family<'a> {
     /// What a file of the family is called in messages.
@@ -318,8 +317,8 @@ impl Family<'_> {
     }
 
     /// Read a file's format and take its `format_pending` out of its JSON, before anything else
-    /// in it is read: a file that isn't this family's is refused here. One a newer build saved is
-    /// not: [`Family::newer`] says so.
+    /// in it is read: a file that isn't this family's, or that a newer build saved, is refused
+    /// here, so nothing a newer build saved is judged by this build's rules.
     pub fn take_version(&self, v: &mut Value) -> Result<(u32, Option<Vec<String>>)> {
         let noun = self.noun;
         let not_ours = |what: String| DocError::Invalid(format!("not a SolidCraft {noun} ({what})"));
@@ -330,19 +329,10 @@ impl Family<'_> {
             Some(_) => return Err(not_ours("format is not a string".into())),
         };
         let applied = take_names(v, "format_pending", noun)?;
-        if version == 0 {
-            return Err(not_ours("format 0".into()));
-        }
+        self.formats.check(noun, version, applied.as_deref())?;
         Ok((version, applied))
     }
 
-    /// What says a file of format `version` with the changes `applied` came from a newer build:
-    /// a number past this build's, or a change this build doesn't have anywhere in its history.
-    /// `None` for a file this build fully knows.
-    pub fn newer(&self, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Option<Newer> {
-        self.formats.newer(version, applied)
-    }
-
     /// Bring a file of format `version` up to this build's; `applied` is its `format_pending`
     /// (both from [`Family::take_version`]).
     pub fn upgrade(&self, v: &mut Value, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<()> {
@@ -360,17 +350,6 @@ impl Family<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-/// How a file shows a newer build saved it ([`Family::newer`]).
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Newer {
-    /// The number the file says.
-    pub format: u32,
-    /// The number this build reads up to.
-    pub reads_up_to: u32,
-    /// The changes the file names that this build doesn't have.
-    pub unknown_changes: Vec<String>,
-}
-
 /// The names of the pending changes this build writes into a design (`format_pending`).
 pub fn pending_names() -> Vec<String> {
     DESIGN.pending_names()
@@ -415,25 +394,35 @@ impl Formats<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// [`Family::newer`]. Changes are recognized across the entire history: a branch's pending
-    /// change may have landed at a later number. A list beside a format that isn't made of changes
-    /// means nothing (a tool or a test set an older number on a newer file).
-    fn newer(&self, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Option<Newer> {
+    /// Refuse a `noun` of format `version` that this build can't read: format 0, a newer number,
+    /// or a change `applied` (its `format_pending`) names that this build doesn't have anywhere in
+    /// its history, which only a newer build's file can. Changes are recognized across the entire
+    /// history: a branch's pending change may have landed at a later number. A list beside a format
+    /// that isn't made of changes means nothing (a tool or a test set an older number on a newer
+    /// file).
+    fn check(&self, noun: &str, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<()> {
+        let newer = |what: String| DocError::Invalid(format!("this {noun} was saved by a newer SolidCraft ({what}): update SolidCraft to open it"));
         let current = self.current();
-        let listed = applied.filter(|_| version > current || self.parts(version).is_some()).unwrap_or_default();
-        let unknown_changes: Vec<String> =
-            listed.iter().filter(|name| !self.knows_part_name(self.canonical_applied_name(version, name))).cloned().collect();
-        (version > current || !unknown_changes.is_empty()).then_some(Newer { format: version, reads_up_to: current, unknown_changes })
+        if version == 0 {
+            return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!("not a SolidCraft {noun} (format 0)")));
+        }
+        if version > current {
+            return Err(newer(format!("file format {version}; this version reads formats up to {current}")));
+        }
+        let applied = applied.filter(|_| self.parts(version).is_some()).unwrap_or_default();
+        match applied.iter().find(|name| !self.knows_part_name(self.canonical_applied_name(version, name))) {
+            Some(unknown) => Err(newer(format!("file format {version} with `{unknown}`, which this version doesn't know"))),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Bring a `noun` of format `version` up to [`Formats::current`]. `applied` is the file's
     /// `format_pending`: the changes of its format it already has, when it was written while they
-    /// were pending; the others' steps run first, and already-applied changes never run again at
-    /// their later number. A file past this build's number has no steps to run.
+    /// were pending; the others' steps run first. A file [`Formats::check`] refuses is refused,
+    /// whoever calls, before anything is changed; already-applied changes never run again at
+    /// their later number.
     fn upgrade(&self, noun: &str, v: &mut Value, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<()> {
-        if version == 0 {
-            return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!("not a SolidCraft {noun} (format 0)")));
-        }
+        self.check(noun, version, applied)?;
         // A list beside a format that isn't made of changes is ignored, like any field an upgrade
         // drops.
         let applied = applied.filter(|_| self.parts(version).is_some());
@@ -688,53 +677,18 @@ fn v2_to_v3(v: &mut Value) -> Result<()> {
 pub fn read(s: &str) -> Result<Document> {
     let mut v: Value = serde_json::from_str(s).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("not a SolidCraft design: {e}")))?;
     let (version, applied) = DESIGN.take_version(&mut v)?;
-    match DESIGN.newer(version, applied.as_deref()) {
-        Some(newer) => crate::newer_file::read(v, version, applied, newer),
-        None => decode(v, version, applied.as_deref()),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Whether a design's text says a newer build saved it, read before anything else in it is.
-pub fn says_newer(text: &str) -> bool {
-    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-    struct Says {
-        format: Option<String>,
-        format_pending: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    }
-    serde_json::from_str::<Says>(text)
-        .ok()
-        .and_then(|says| Some((DESIGN.version_of(&says.format?)?, says.format_pending)))
-        .is_some_and(|(version, applied)| DESIGN.newer(version, applied.as_deref()).is_some())
-}
-
-/// The checks of a design's JSON that need nothing outside the part of it they are given.
-pub(crate) fn check_raw(v: &Value, version: u32) -> Result<Vec<(usize, usize)>> {
-    check_design_numbers(v)?;
-    crate::config::validate_rules_json(v)?;
-    crate::config::validate_styles_json(v)?;
-    crate::face_anchor::validate_face_anchors_json(v)?;
-    validate_versioned_geometry(v)?;
-    validate_emboss_targets(v)?;
-    validate_freeform_offsets(v)?;
-    validate_sketch_sizes(v)?;
-    crate::format_offsets::validate_raw(v)?;
-    validate_wires(v, version)
-}
-
-/// [`check_raw`], the upgrade and the typed record alone: what a piece of a design must pass by
-/// itself ([`crate::newer_file`]), with nothing else in the file for it to refer to.
-pub(crate) fn check_piece(mut v: Value, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<()> {
-    check_raw(&v, version)?;
-    DESIGN.upgrade(&mut v, version, applied)?;
-    let d: Document = serde_json::from_value(v).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("design file: {e}")))?;
-    check_typed_numbers(&d)
-}
-
-/// A design's JSON, its format taken out, as the document it holds.
-pub(crate) fn decode(mut v: Value, version: u32, applied: Option<&[String]>) -> Result<Document> {
-    let legacy_wires = check_raw(&v, version)?;
+    check_design_numbers(&v)?;
+    crate::config::validate_rules_json(&v)?;
+    crate::config::validate_styles_json(&v)?;
+    crate::face_anchor::validate_face_anchors_json(&v)?;
+    validate_versioned_geometry(&v)?;
+    validate_emboss_targets(&v)?;
+    validate_freeform_offsets(&v)?;
+    validate_sketch_sizes(&v)?;
+    crate::format_offsets::validate_raw(&v)?;
+    let legacy_wires = validate_wires(&v, version)?;
     validate_body_transfers(&v)?;
-    DESIGN.upgrade(&mut v, version, applied)?;
+    DESIGN.upgrade(&mut v, version, applied.as_deref())?;
     let mut d: Document = serde_json::from_value(v).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("design file: {e}")))?;
     check_typed_numbers(&d)?;
     let mut legacy_by_feature = std::collections::BTreeMap::<usize, Vec<usize>>::new();
@@ -1373,9 +1327,9 @@ mod tests {
         let mut v = serde_json::json!({});
         formats.upgrade("design", &mut v, next, Some(&["a-first".into(), "b-second".into()])).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(trace_of(&v), Vec::<&str>::new());
-        // A change this build doesn't know is a newer build's: said, and kept.
-        let said = formats.newer(next, Some(&["c-later".into()])).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(said, Newer { format: next, reads_up_to: next, unknown_changes: vec!["c-later".into()] });
+        // A change this build doesn't know is a newer build's: refused, not guessed at.
+        let err = formats.upgrade("design", &mut serde_json::json!({}), next, Some(&["c-later".into()])).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("newer SolidCraft"), "{err}");
         // A list on a format that isn't made of changes means nothing.
         let mut v = serde_json::json!({});
         formats.upgrade("design", &mut v, HAND_WRITTEN, Some(&["a-first".into()])).unwrap();
@@ -1418,12 +1372,15 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn personal_card_alias_without_support_is_a_newer_builds() {
+    fn personal_card_alias_without_support_refuses_before_mutation() {
         let hand: [JsonStep; 27] = [|_| Ok(()); 27];
         let first = [traced("a-first")];
         let formats = Formats { hand: &hand, folded: &[(29, &first)], pending: &[] };
-        let said = formats.newer(29, Some(&["physical-material-cards".into()])).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(said.unknown_changes, ["physical-material-cards"]);
+        let mut file = serde_json::json!({"trace": [], "sentinel": 7});
+        let original = file.clone();
+        let error = formats.upgrade("design", &mut file, 29, Some(&["physical-material-cards".into()])).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("physical-material-cards"), "{error}");
+        assert_eq!(file, original);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1434,8 +1391,11 @@ mod tests {
         let cards = [traced("material-engineering-cards")];
         let formats = Formats { hand: &hand, folded: &[(28, &first), (29, &second), (30, &cards)], pending: &[] };
         for version in [28, 30] {
-            let said = formats.newer(version, Some(&["physical-material-cards".into()])).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(said.unknown_changes, ["physical-material-cards"]);
+            let mut file = serde_json::json!({"trace": []});
+            let original = file.clone();
+            let error = formats.upgrade("design", &mut file, version, Some(&["physical-material-cards".into()])).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(error.to_string().contains("physical-material-cards"), "{error}");
+            assert_eq!(file, original);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1448,7 +1408,11 @@ mod tests {
         for names in
             [["physical-material-cards".into(), "unknown-card-codec".into()], ["unknown-card-codec".into(), "physical-material-cards".into()]]
         {
-            assert_eq!(formats.newer(29, Some(&names)).unwrap().unknown_changes, ["unknown-card-codec"]);
+            let mut file = serde_json::json!({"trace": ["b"]});
+            let original = file.clone();
+            let error = formats.upgrade("design", &mut file, 29, Some(&names)).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(error.to_string().contains("unknown-card-codec"), "{error}");
+            assert_eq!(file, original);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1482,14 +1446,18 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// An experimental producer can use a number that a release later folds without its
-    /// change. Its unknown concept is still a newer build's.
+    /// change. Its unknown concept must still be refused before any migration runs.
     #[test]
-    fn unknown_pending_concepts_are_said_after_folding() {
+    fn unknown_pending_concepts_are_refused_after_folding() {
         let parts = [traced("a-first")];
         let later = [traced("b-second")];
         for pending in [&[][..], &later[..]] {
             let formats = Formats { hand: &[], folded: &[(2, &parts)], pending };
-            assert_eq!(formats.newer(2, Some(&["experimental-card".into()])).unwrap().unknown_changes, ["experimental-card"]);
+            let mut file = serde_json::json!({"trace": []});
+            let original = file.clone();
+            let err = formats.upgrade("design", &mut file, 2, Some(&["experimental-card".into()])).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(err.to_string().contains("experimental-card") && err.to_string().contains("update SolidCraft"), "{err}");
+            assert_eq!(file, original, "refuse before applying even a known migration");
         }
     }
 
@@ -1511,20 +1479,23 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// A design naming a pending change this build doesn't have is a newer build's: what it can't
-    /// read of it doesn't read as damage.
+    /// A design naming a pending change this build doesn't have is a newer build's, refused as
+    /// such before anything else in it is checked (as a newer number is), so a newer build's
+    /// fields never read as damage.
     #[test]
-    fn a_newer_builds_pending_change_opens_and_its_fields_are_not_damage() {
+    fn a_newer_builds_pending_change_is_refused_before_the_design_is_checked() {
         let mut file: Value = serde_json::from_str(&Document::new("A").to_json()).unwrap();
         file["format_pending"] = serde_json::json!(["not-a-change-anyone-made"]);
         file["features"] = serde_json::json!([{"type": "emboss", "face": {"body": "Body", "at": [0, 0, 0], "a_newer_key": true}}]);
-        let opened = read(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
+        let error = read(&file.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
         // With changes pending, FORMAT is made of them; once they are folded it is the folded
         // format, which is made of changes too. Either way an unknown change is a newer build's.
-        let said = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(said.unknown_changes, ["not-a-change-anyone-made"]);
-        assert!(said.notice().contains(&format!("format {FORMAT} with `not-a-change-anyone-made`")), "{}", said.notice());
-        assert!(matches!(opened.features[0].kind, crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. }));
+        assert_eq!(
+            error,
+            format!(
+                "this design was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format {FORMAT} with `not-a-change-anyone-made`, which this version doesn't know): update SolidCraft to open it"
+            )
+        );
     }
 
     /// Drawings follow the same rules from their own first format: folded formats follow on from 1
@@ -1604,17 +1575,17 @@ mod tests {
         fn tagged(family: &Family<'_>, n: u32) -> Value {
             serde_json::json!({"format": family.format_string(n)})
         }
-        // A newer number isn't refused: it is said.
-        let says = |family: &Family<'_>, mut file: Value| {
-            let (version, applied) = family.take_version(&mut file).unwrap();
-            family.newer(version, applied.as_deref())
-        };
-        assert_eq!(says(&DESIGN, tagged(&DESIGN, FORMAT + 1)), Some(Newer { format: FORMAT + 1, reads_up_to: FORMAT, unknown_changes: vec![] }));
-        assert_eq!(read(&tagged(&DESIGN, FORMAT + 1).to_string()).unwrap().newer_file.unwrap().format, FORMAT + 1);
+        fn newer(noun: &str, n: u32, current: u32) -> String {
+            format!(
+                "this {noun} was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format {n}; this version reads formats up to {current}): update SolidCraft to open it"
+            )
+        }
+        assert_eq!(refusal(&DESIGN, tagged(&DESIGN, FORMAT + 1)), newer("design", FORMAT + 1, FORMAT));
+        assert_eq!(read(&tagged(&DESIGN, FORMAT + 1).to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string(), newer("design", FORMAT + 1, FORMAT));
         let current = DRAWING.current();
         assert!(matches!(DRAWING.take_version(&mut tagged(&DRAWING, current)), Ok((v, None)) if v == current));
         for n in [current + 1, u32::MAX] {
-            assert_eq!(says(&DRAWING, tagged(&DRAWING, n)), Some(Newer { format: n, reads_up_to: current, unknown_changes: vec![] }));
+            assert_eq!(refusal(&DRAWING, tagged(&DRAWING, n)), newer("drawing", n, current));
         }
         for (family, noun) in [(&DESIGN, "design"), (&DRAWING, "drawing")] {
             assert_eq!(refusal(family, tagged(family, 0)), format!("not a SolidCraft {noun} (format 0)"));
@@ -1636,7 +1607,12 @@ mod tests {
         let design = Family { formats: Formats { hand: &JSON_STEPS, folded: FOLDED, pending: &pending }, ..DESIGN };
         let next = design.current();
         let file = json!({"format": format_string(next), "format_pending": ["c-later"]});
-        assert_eq!(says(&design, file), Some(Newer { format: next, reads_up_to: next, unknown_changes: vec!["c-later".into()] }));
+        assert_eq!(
+            refusal(&design, file),
+            format!(
+                "this design was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format {next} with `c-later`, which this version doesn't know): update SolidCraft to open it"
+            )
+        );
         assert!(matches!(DESIGN.take_version(&mut json!({})), Ok((1, None))));
         assert_eq!(refusal(&DRAWING, json!({})), "not a SolidCraft drawing (no format)");
     }
@@ -1663,13 +1639,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/2", "format_pending": ["a-first"]})).unwrap(), Vec::<String>::new());
         // A list beside format 1 means nothing: the step still runs.
         assert_eq!(open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/1", "format_pending": ["c-later"]})).unwrap(), ["a"]);
-        // Of a newer build: said, and what can run runs.
-        let list = ["a-first".to_string(), "c-later".to_string()];
-        assert_eq!(drawing.newer(2, Some(&list)).unwrap().unknown_changes, ["c-later"]);
-        assert_eq!(open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/2", "format_pending": list})).unwrap(), Vec::<String>::new());
-        assert_eq!(drawing.newer(3, None).unwrap(), Newer { format: 3, reads_up_to: 2, unknown_changes: vec![] });
-        assert_eq!(open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/3"})).unwrap(), Vec::<String>::new());
-        // An upgrade called without `take_version` still says format 0 isn't one.
+        let error = open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/2", "format_pending": ["a-first", "c-later"]})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert_eq!(
+            error,
+            "this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format 2 with `c-later`, which this version doesn't know): update SolidCraft to open it"
+        );
+        let error = open(json!({"format": "solidcraft-drawing/3"})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert_eq!(
+            error,
+            "this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format 3; this version reads formats up to 2): update SolidCraft to open it"
+        );
+        // An upgrade called without `take_version` refuses in the drawing's words too, format 0 included.
+        let error = drawing.upgrade(&mut json!({}), 3, None).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.starts_with("this drawing was saved by a newer SolidCraft (file format 3;"), "{error}");
         assert_eq!(drawing.upgrade(&mut json!({}), 0, None).unwrap_err().to_string(), "not a SolidCraft drawing (format 0)");
     }
 
@@ -1684,8 +1666,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(read(&file.to_string()).is_err());
         }
         file["format_pending"] = serde_json::json!(["not-a-change-anyone-made"]);
-        let newer = read(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(newer.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().unknown_changes, ["not-a-change-anyone-made"], "even after folding");
+        assert!(read(&file.to_string()).is_err(), "unknown pending concepts are refused even after folding");
         file["format_pending"] = Value::from(pending_names());
         let opened = read(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(opened.format_pending, pending_names());
@@ -2157,9 +2138,8 @@ mod tests {
             value["features"] = serde_json::json!([{"type":"sketch", "sketch":{"freeform_offsets":records}}]);
             let error = read(&value.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
             assert!(error.contains("free-form offset metadata"), "{error}");
-            // A newer build's file isn't held to this: the feature waits for that build.
             value["format"] = Value::from(format_string(FORMAT + 1));
-            assert!(matches!(read(&value.to_string()).unwrap().features[0].kind, crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. }));
+            assert!(read(&value.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("newer SolidCraft"));
         }
     }
 
@@ -2183,7 +2163,8 @@ mod tests {
             let error = read(&value.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
             assert!(error.contains("emboss face"), "{error}");
             value["format"] = Value::from(format_string(FORMAT + 1));
-            assert!(matches!(read(&value.to_string()).unwrap().features[0].kind, crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. }));
+            let error = read(&value.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+            assert!(error.contains("newer SolidCraft"), "{error}");
         }
     }
 
@@ -2226,7 +2207,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn version_seven_styles_upgrade_and_a_newer_versions_columns_are_kept() {
+    fn version_seven_styles_upgrade_and_newer_versions_are_refused_before_columns() {
         use crate::config::{Column, ConfigRow};
         let mut d = Document::new("configured styles");
         d.configs.columns = vec![Column::Material("Body".into()), Column::Appearance("Body".into())];
@@ -2246,11 +2227,9 @@ mod tests {
         value["format"] = Value::from(format_string(FORMAT + 1));
         value["configs"]["columns"] = serde_json::json!([{"unknown_future_column":"Body"}]);
         value["configs"]["rules"] = serde_json::json!({"unknown_future_rule": true});
-        let opened = read(&value.to_string()).unwrap();
-        let said = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-        assert!(said.not_understood.iter().any(|what| what.contains("configs")), "{:?}", said.not_understood);
-        let saved: Value = serde_json::from_str(&opened.to_json()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(saved["configs"], value["configs"], "kept for the build that reads them");
+        let error = read(&value.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("newer SolidCraft") && error.contains("update SolidCraft"), "{error}");
+        assert!(!error.contains("unknown variant"), "format refusal precedes decoding new variants");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2305,10 +2284,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(read(&saved.to_string()).unwrap(), d);
         saved["format"] = Value::from(format_string(FORMAT + 1));
         saved["features"][0]["sketch"]["constraints"][0]["type"] = Value::from("future_dimension");
-        let opened = read(&saved.to_string()).unwrap();
-        assert!(matches!(opened.features[0].kind, crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { .. }));
-        let again: Value = serde_json::from_str(&opened.to_json()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(again["features"][0], saved["features"][0]);
+        let error = read(&saved.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("newer SolidCraft") && !error.contains("unknown variant"), "{error}");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2415,14 +2392,15 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn older_upgraded_newer_opened_others_rejected() {
+    fn older_upgraded_newer_refused_others_rejected() {
         let mut v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&Document::new("A").to_json()).unwrap();
         v["format"] = Value::from("solidcraft/1");
         assert_eq!(read(&v.to_string()).unwrap().format, format_string(FORMAT));
         v.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("format");
         assert!(read(&v.to_string()).is_ok(), "a file without a format is format 1");
         v["format"] = Value::from(format_string(FORMAT + 1));
-        assert_eq!(read(&v.to_string()).unwrap().newer_file.unwrap().format, FORMAT + 1);
+        let e = read(&v.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(e.contains("newer SolidCraft"), "{e}");
         for bad in ["solidcraft/0", "acad/3", "solidcraft/-1", "solidcraft/99999999999999999999"] {
             v["format"] = Value::from(bad);
             assert!(read(&v.to_string()).is_err(), "{bad}");

crates/doc/src/format/pending/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ here is the whole format bump: never edit `FORMAT`, `JSON_STEPS` or another chan
 
 - Name it after the change, lowercase with dashes: `placed-plane-origins.rs`.
 - Start it with a `//!` note: what is saved, what an older design gets without it, and what
-  the last release does with a design that has it (it warns about the newer format number, opens what it can read and keeps the rest).
+  the last release does with a design that has it (it refuses the newer format number).
 - If older designs must be rewritten as they open, add the step to the same file:
 
   ```rust

crates/doc/src/format/pending/hole-direction-own-faces.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! Nothing new is saved for holes, but a hole placed on a face that names the bodies it drills
+//! (`participants`: its `targets`, or the body of another component it was picked on) now finds
+//! the face it starts on among those bodies' faces, where one of them passes through its position
+//! (#12066). Where another body touched that face at the hole, older designs could save a
+//! `direction` taken from the other body's face, pointing out of the drilled body; such a hole cut
+//! only a shallow pocket. It is now mirrored into the drilled body's face when the design is
+//! evaluated, as format 18 does for a direction taken from the far side of a thin plate, and
+//! drills through. Holes whose direction enters one of their own bodies' faces there, holes whose
+//! own bodies have no face at their position (placed on another body's face to drill through it),
+//! holes that name no bodies, and holes at several sketch points (already limited to their bodies,
+//! #2882) build as before. No rewrite is needed. The last release refuses a design with this
+//! change (the newer format number) instead of building the pocket again.

crates/doc/src/format/pending/revolve-axis-origin-expressions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! A revolve's explicit axis `{origin, dir}` can save its origin's coordinates as length
+//! expressions (`["W / 2", 0, "groove_floor"]`) so the axis follows the parameters; a plain number
+//! stays a number. An older design has numbers only and reads as before. The last release refuses
+//! a design with this change and asks for an update, instead of opening it and reading an
+//! expression as the origin.

crates/doc/src/format/pending/transferred-profile-frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//! A new-body extrusion or revolve whose outputs transfer into its source sketch's component
+//! reads the profile through the recorded transfer frame. Capturing that component's position
+//! therefore moves the body once, as the pending preview does. Existing designs use their
+//! saved transfer transforms without rewriting fields; independent cross-component references
+//! keep their live placement. The last release refuses the newer design-format number rather
+//! than reopening the design with the former double-placement behavior.

crates/doc/src/format_offsets.rs

@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ mod tests {
             damaged["features"][1]["profiles"]["associations"] = associations;
             assert!(validate_raw(&damaged).is_err());
             damaged["format"] = json!(crate::format::format_string(crate::format::FORMAT + 1));
-            assert!(crate::format::read(&damaged.to_string()).unwrap().newer_file.is_some());
+            assert!(crate::format::read(&damaged.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("newer SolidCraft"));
         }
         // Absent metadata preserves the historical one-to-one chain representation.
         let mut legacy = fixture();

crates/doc/src/lib.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ mod assembly;
 mod body_transfer;
 mod body_transfer_sheet;
 mod browser_tree;
-pub mod newer_file;
 pub mod pbr_appearance;
 pub use body_transfer::{valid_transfer_matrix, validate_body_transfer};
 pub mod canvas;
@@ -93,8 +92,8 @@ pub use eval::{
     blend_target, curve_pick_error, draft_corner_options, edge_names_for, edge_refs, face_point_names, face_point_state, hole_direction_at,
     hole_on_surface, import_body_names, join_pieces_added, map_wire, metric_thread_sizes, object_height, parse_metric_thread, pattern_matrices,
     revolve_extent, revolve_extent_for_handle, revolve_extent_with_convention, select_profiles, sketch_hole_direction, sketch_line_plane,
-    state_in_frame, state_in_frame_at, suggested_thread, suggested_thread_in, tangent_face_chain, through_all_distance, world_state,
-    world_state_reusing,
+    state_in_frame, state_in_frame_at, suggested_thread, suggested_thread_in, tangent_face_chain, through_all_distance, with_placed_copies,
+    world_state, world_state_reusing,
 };
 pub use eval::{EvalCache, KeptResults};
 pub use expr::Expr;

crates/doc/src/model_cache.rs

@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ impl Model {
             return Err(bad("saved model: features"));
         }
         let (vals, param_errors) = evaluation_values(doc);
-        let step_digests = StepDigests::of(doc, &StepDigests::default());
+        let import_digests = ImportDigests::of(doc, &ImportDigests::default());
         let marker = doc.marker.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
         // As `evaluate` digests the context under the mode, so the next evaluation reuses these.
         let ctx = context_digest(doc, &vals) ^ validation_digest(validation);
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ impl Model {
             // A fingerprint reads the state before its feature (where the bodies it takes lie).
             // After a state the file left out, the saved one is taken: `evaluate` works that state
             // out, checks the fingerprints after it, and evaluates again from one that differs.
-            prev = if exact { chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev, i >= marker, &step_digests, Some(&before)) } else { saved };
+            prev = if exact { chain_fingerprint(doc, &vals, f, prev, i >= marker, &import_digests, Some(&before)) } else { saved };
             if r.get("id").and_then(Json::as_u64) != Some(f.id) || saved != prev {
                 return Err(bad("saved model: the document changed"));
             }
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ impl Model {
             }
             results.push(result);
         }
-        let mut model = Model { results, param_errors, step_digests, context: ctx, frame_bodies, validation, ..Model::default() };
+        let mut model = Model { results, param_errors, import_digests, context: ctx, frame_bodies, validation, ..Model::default() };
         let unkept = model.results.iter().filter(|r| r.unkept).count();
         if unkept > 0 {
             // The features whose state the file did not keep, each evaluated again from the state
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ impl Model {
         let mut before = Arc::new(ModelState::default());
         if let Ok(mut cache) = model.cache.lock() {
             for (f, r) in doc.features.iter().zip(&model.results).filter(|(_, r)| !r.skipped && r.error.is_none()) {
-                let local = fingerprint(doc, 0, f, &vals, false, &model.step_digests) ^ placement_digest(doc, f, Some(&before));
+                let local = fingerprint(doc, 0, f, &vals, false, &model.import_digests) ^ placement_digest(doc, f, Some(&before));
                 cache.put(
                     cache_key(f, r.fingerprint, local, ctx, &before),
                     CachedEval {

crates/doc/src/naming.rs

@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ pub(crate) fn face_centres(b: &ModelBody) -> Vec<Vec3> {
     samples(&b.mesh(), face_count(b)).into_iter().map(|ps| ps.iter().fold(Vec3::ZERO, |a, p| a + *p) * (1.0 / ps.len().max(1) as f64)).collect()
 }
 
-/// The name of a face new to `f`.
+/// The name of a face new to `f` (a feature that went through `eval::naming_feature`).
 fn role_name(f: &Feature, before: &ModelState, ps: &[Vec3], ns: &[Vec3], fi: usize, fid: u64, curves: &std::cell::OnceCell<Curves>) -> String {
     let c = ps.iter().fold(Vec3::ZERO, |a, p| a + *p) * (1.0 / ps.len().max(1) as f64);
     match &f.kind {
@@ -858,7 +858,10 @@ fn role_name(f: &Feature, before: &ModelState, ps: &[Vec3], ns: &[Vec3], fi: usi
         }
         FeatureKind::Revolve { sketch, axis, .. } => {
             let Some(ss) = before.sketch(sketch.0) else { return format!("F{fid}:face:{fi}") };
-            let Ok((o2, d2)) = crate::eval::revolve_axis(ss, axis, before, &|name| crate::eval::construction_axis_in(None, before, name, 0)) else {
+            // The origin was written as its values when the feature was evaluated (`naming_feature`).
+            let Ok((o2, d2)) =
+                crate::eval::revolve_axis(&Default::default(), ss, axis, before, &|name| crate::eval::construction_axis_in(None, before, name, 0))
+            else {
                 return format!("F{fid}:face:{fi}");
             };
             let (o, d) = (ss.plane.to_world(o2), (ss.plane.to_world(o2 + d2) - ss.plane.to_world(o2)).normalized().unwrap_or(Vec3::Z));

crates/doc/src/newer_file.rs

@@ -1,530 +0,0 @@
-//! A design a newer SolidCraft saved: it opens, with a warning, and saving it loses nothing.
-//!
-//! A newer format number, or a change the file names that this build doesn't have, says a newer
-//! build saved the file. It may use nothing this build lacks, so it is read as usual. When part of
-//! it can't be read, that part stays out of the way and the rest opens:
-//! - a feature this build can't read keeps its place on the timeline as
-//!   [`FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature`](crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature), which reports an error when evaluated;
-//! - a parameter it can't read is left out;
-//! - any other top-level section it can't read is left out whole;
-//! - a field it doesn't know, which typed reading would drop, is noticed by comparing the file
-//!   with what was read.
-//!
-//! All of these are named in [`NewerFile::not_understood`] and go back into the file when it is
-//! saved ([`restore`]), as they came. Saving keeps the file's own format number and change list:
-//! the file still holds what the newer build wrote, and a lower number would make that build
-//! upgrade its own data as if it were old. What can't be put back because the design changed around
-//! it ([`not_kept`]) is said in the reply to the save.
-
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
-
-use crate::format::{self, DESIGN, Newer};
-use crate::{DocError, Document, Result};
-
-/// How a [`RawFeature`] is written while it is inside this build; [`restore`] unwraps it.
-const FOREIGN_TAG: &str = "newer_file_feature";
-/// Sections a design can't open without: filled in when the file's can't be read.
-const CORE: [&str; 3] = ["name", "params", "features"];
-/// The most sections left out one at a time to find the one a design can't be read with.
-const MAX_SECTION_TRIES: usize = 64;
-/// Fields a design container adds beside what a design holds; not unknown to this build.
-const CONTAINER_ONLY: [&str; 5] = ["step_blob", "mesh_blob", "image_blob", "points_blob", "hdr_blob"];
-
-/// A feature as a newer build wrote it.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(transparent)]
-pub struct RawFeature(pub Box<Value>);
-
-impl RawFeature {
-    /// The kind of feature it says it is.
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> &str {
-        self.0.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed")
-    }
-
-    /// Why it doesn't build here.
-    pub fn why(&self) -> String {
-        format!("saved by a newer SolidCraft: this version can't read a `{}` feature. Update SolidCraft to build it; saving keeps it", self.kind())
-    }
-}
-
-/// What the file says and holds that this build doesn't read.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct NewerFile {
-    /// The number the file says.
-    pub format: u32,
-    /// The number this build reads up to.
-    pub reads_up_to: u32,
-    /// The changes the file names that this build doesn't have.
-    pub unknown_changes: Vec<String>,
-    /// What this build couldn't read, by name.
-    pub not_understood: Vec<String>,
-    /// Fields known records lost in typed reading.
-    kept: Option<Kept>,
-    /// Top-level sections left out whole.
-    sections: Vec<Section>,
-    /// Elements left out of a top-level list: its key and the element.
-    elements: Vec<(String, Value)>,
-    /// The parts of a design container this build has no use for: name and bytes. A blob only one
-    /// of the kept pieces refers to is one of them.
-    pub parts: Vec<(String, Arc<[u8]>)>,
-    /// The file's `container.json`, when this build doesn't know what it says.
-    pub container: Option<Value>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-struct Section {
-    key: String,
-    value: Value,
-    /// This build's record of the section, without the file's: while it is unchanged, the file's
-    /// goes back.
-    empty: Option<Value>,
-}
-
-/// The fields of a record that typed reading dropped.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Kept {
-    Field(Value),
-    Fields(BTreeMap<String, Kept>),
-    Items(Vec<(Anchor, Kept)>),
-}
-
-/// Which element of a list some kept fields belong to.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Anchor {
-    Id(u64),
-    Name(String),
-    /// Its place, good only while the list keeps its length.
-    Index {
-        at: usize,
-        of: usize,
-    },
-}
-
-impl NewerFile {
-    /// What to tell the user, whatever else is said.
-    pub fn notice(&self) -> String {
-        let reads = self.reads_up_to;
-        let format = self.format;
-        match self.unknown_changes.first() {
-            Some(change) if format <= reads => {
-                format!(
-                    "Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {format} with `{change}`, which this version doesn't know). If something's missing, update."
-                )
-            }
-            _ => format!("Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {format}, this version reads up to {reads}). If something's missing, update."),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Every line to report: the notice, then what couldn't be read, by name.
-    pub fn warnings(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        let unread = self.not_understood.iter().map(|what| format!("Not read: {what}. Saving keeps it."));
-        std::iter::once(self.notice()).chain(unread).collect()
-    }
-
-    /// What a reply says about it.
-    pub fn report(&self) -> Value {
-        json!({
-            "format": self.format,
-            "reads_up_to": self.reads_up_to,
-            "unknown_changes": self.unknown_changes,
-            "not_understood": self.not_understood,
-            "notice": self.notice(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the next save needs a container to keep what the file holds: plain JSON has no room
-    /// for parts beside the design.
-    pub fn needs_container(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.parts.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether anything kept back names this text (a blob's name in a container).
-    pub fn mentions(&self, text: &str) -> bool {
-        fn value(v: &Value, text: &str) -> bool {
-            match v {
-                Value::String(s) => s == text,
-                Value::Array(a) => a.iter().any(|x| value(x, text)),
-                Value::Object(o) => o.values().any(|x| value(x, text)),
-                _ => false,
-            }
-        }
-        fn kept(k: &Kept, text: &str) -> bool {
-            match k {
-                Kept::Field(v) => value(v, text),
-                Kept::Fields(m) => m.values().any(|x| kept(x, text)),
-                Kept::Items(l) => l.iter().any(|(_, x)| kept(x, text)),
-            }
-        }
-        self.kept.as_ref().is_some_and(|k| kept(k, text))
-            || self.sections.iter().any(|s| value(&s.value, text))
-            || self.elements.iter().any(|(_, v)| value(v, text))
-    }
-
-    /// Say that a section the container reader couldn't finish reading is left out.
-    /// `empty` is what the design writes for the section while it holds nothing, if anything.
-    pub fn keep_section(&mut self, key: &str, value: Value, empty: Option<Value>, why: &str) {
-        self.not_understood.push(format!("section `{key}` ({why})"));
-        self.sections.push(Section { key: key.into(), value, empty });
-    }
-}
-
-/// Read a design a newer build saved, or say why it truly can't be read.
-pub(crate) fn read(mut raw: Value, version: u32, applied: Option<Vec<String>>, newer: Newer) -> Result<Document> {
-    let applied_names = applied.as_deref();
-    let mut file =
-        NewerFile { format: newer.format, reads_up_to: newer.reads_up_to, unknown_changes: newer.unknown_changes.clone(), ..NewerFile::default() };
-    let (mut doc, read_as) = match format::decode(raw.clone(), version, applied_names) {
-        Ok(doc) => (doc, raw),
-        Err(_) => {
-            let mut foreign = BTreeMap::new();
-            let mut doc = salvage(&mut raw, version, applied_names, &mut file, &mut foreign).map_err(|why| {
-                DocError::Invalid(format!(
-                    "this design was saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {}, this version reads up to {}) and this version can't read it: {why}. Update SolidCraft to open it",
-                    newer.format, newer.reads_up_to
-                ))
-            })?;
-            fill_foreign(&mut doc, foreign);
-            (doc, raw)
-        }
-    };
-    let mut upgraded = read_as;
-    // Compared with what was read, the file's own shape after the same upgrade.
-    DESIGN.upgrade(&mut upgraded, version, applied_names)?;
-    let known = serde_json::to_value(&doc).map_err(|e| DocError::Invalid(format!("design file: {e}")))?;
-    let mut paths = Vec::new();
-    file.kept = vanished(&upgraded, &known, "", &mut paths);
-    file.not_understood.extend(paths);
-    for section in &mut file.sections {
-        section.empty = known.get(&section.key).cloned();
-    }
-    if newer.format > newer.reads_up_to {
-        // The file's own number and list: it still holds what that build wrote.
-        doc.format = DESIGN.format_string(newer.format);
-        doc.format_pending = applied.unwrap_or_default();
-    } else {
-        // Upgraded to this build's format; the changes it doesn't know are still in it.
-        doc.format_pending.extend(newer.unknown_changes.iter().cloned());
-    }
-    doc.newer_file = Some(Arc::new(file));
-    Ok(doc)
-}
-
-/// Read the design around what can't be read, which moves to `file`. `raw` ends as what was read.
-fn salvage(
-    raw: &mut Value,
-    version: u32,
-    applied: Option<&[String]>,
-    file: &mut NewerFile,
-    foreign: &mut BTreeMap<u64, Value>,
-) -> std::result::Result<Document, String> {
-    let piece = |key: &str, value: &Value| {
-        let mut stub = json!({"name": "", "params": [], "features": []});
-        stub[key] = value.clone();
-        format::check_piece(stub, version, applied)
-    };
-    let Some(top) = raw.as_object_mut() else { return Err("expected a JSON object".into()) };
-    // A feature it can't read keeps its place; a parameter it can't read stays out.
-    if let Some(Value::Array(features)) = top.get_mut("features") {
-        let mut free = features.iter().filter_map(|f| f.get("id").and_then(Value::as_u64)).max().unwrap_or(0).saturating_add(1);
-        for feature in features.iter_mut() {
-            if let Err(why) = piece("features", &json!([feature])) {
-                file.not_understood.push(feature_note(feature, &why.to_string()));
-                *feature = wrapped(std::mem::take(feature), &mut free, foreign);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some(Value::Array(params)) = top.get_mut("params") {
-        params.retain(|param| match piece("params", &json!([param])) {
-            Ok(()) => true,
-            Err(why) => {
-                let name = param.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed");
-                file.not_understood.push(format!("parameter `{name}` ({})", short(&why.to_string())));
-                file.elements.push(("params".into(), param.clone()));
-                false
-            }
-        });
-    }
-    // Any other section, by itself.
-    let keys: Vec<String> = top.keys().cloned().collect();
-    for key in &keys {
-        let value = top.get(key).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-        if let Err(why) = piece(key, &value) {
-            move_out(top, key, &why.to_string(), file);
-        }
-    }
-    if !top.get("name").is_some_and(Value::is_string) {
-        top.insert("name".into(), json!("Untitled"));
-    }
-    for key in ["params", "features"] {
-        top.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| json!([]));
-    }
-    let attempt = |top: &Map<String, Value>| format::decode(Value::Object(top.clone()), version, applied);
-    let first = match attempt(top) {
-        Ok(doc) => return Ok(doc),
-        Err(why) => why,
-    };
-    // Sections that are fine by themselves but not together with the rest.
-    let keys: Vec<String> = top.keys().filter(|k| !CORE.contains(&k.as_str())).cloned().collect();
-    // Each try reads the whole design: a file of many sections goes straight to the last resort.
-    for key in keys.iter().filter(|_| keys.len() <= MAX_SECTION_TRIES) {
-        let mut without = top.clone();
-        without.remove(key);
-        if let Ok(doc) = attempt(&without) {
-            move_out(top, key, &first.to_string(), file);
-            return Ok(doc);
-        }
-    }
-    let mut bare = top.clone();
-    bare.retain(|key, _| CORE.contains(&key.as_str()));
-    match attempt(&bare) {
-        Ok(doc) => {
-            for key in &keys {
-                move_out(top, key, &first.to_string(), file);
-            }
-            Ok(doc)
-        }
-        Err(_) => Err(first.to_string()),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Leave a section out and keep it. A section the design needs is left empty.
-fn move_out(top: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, why: &str, file: &mut NewerFile) {
-    let Some(value) = top.remove(key) else { return };
-    file.not_understood.push(format!("section `{key}` ({})", short(why)));
-    file.sections.push(Section { key: key.into(), value, empty: None });
-}
-
-/// The first line of a reader's error, without the list of every kind it knows.
-fn short(why: &str) -> &str {
-    let why = why.split(", expected").next().unwrap_or(why);
-    why.strip_prefix("design file: ").unwrap_or(why)
-}
-
-fn feature_note(feature: &Value, why: &str) -> String {
-    let name = feature.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed");
-    let kind = feature.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed");
-    let why = short(why);
-    if why.starts_with("unknown variant") {
-        format!("feature `{name}`, a `{kind}` feature this version doesn't know")
-    } else {
-        format!("feature `{name}`, a `{kind}` feature ({why})")
-    }
-}
-
-/// A feature this build can't read as this build reads it: the fields every feature has, which stay
-/// editable. Its `raw` is filled in after reading ([`fill_foreign`]), so nothing in a feature this
-/// build can't read is judged by this build's rules. `free` gives an id to one the file left
-/// without.
-fn wrapped(raw: Value, free: &mut u64, foreign: &mut BTreeMap<u64, Value>) -> Value {
-    let id = raw.get("id").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        let id = *free;
-        *free = free.saturating_add(1);
-        id
-    });
-    let name = raw.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("Unknown feature").to_string();
-    let suppressed = raw.get("suppressed").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
-    let component = raw.get("component").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(0);
-    foreign.insert(id, raw);
-    json!({"id": id, "name": name, "suppressed": suppressed, "component": component, "type": FOREIGN_TAG, "raw": null})
-}
-
-/// Give the features [`wrapped`] left without one what the file said.
-fn fill_foreign(doc: &mut Document, mut foreign: BTreeMap<u64, Value>) {
-    for feature in &mut doc.features {
-        if let crate::FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { raw } = &mut feature.kind
-            && let Some(value) = foreign.remove(&feature.id)
-        {
-            raw.0 = Box::new(value);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A feature back as the file had it, with the changes this build can make to any feature.
-fn unwrapped(feature: &mut Value) {
-    let Some(wrapper) = feature.as_object_mut() else { return };
-    let Some(Value::Object(mut raw)) = wrapper.remove("raw") else { return };
-    for key in ["id", "name", "suppressed", "component"] {
-        match wrapper.get(key) {
-            // Left out as a writer leaves it out, unless the file said it.
-            Some(v) if key != "id" && !raw.contains_key(key) && looks_default(v) => {}
-            Some(v) => {
-                raw.insert(key.into(), v.clone());
-            }
-            None => {
-                raw.remove(key);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    *feature = Value::Object(raw);
-}
-
-/// A value a writer leaves out without losing anything: not worth telling anyone about.
-fn looks_default(v: &Value) -> bool {
-    match v {
-        Value::Null => true,
-        Value::Bool(b) => !b,
-        Value::Number(n) => n.as_f64() == Some(0.0),
-        Value::String(s) => s.is_empty(),
-        Value::Array(a) => a.is_empty(),
-        Value::Object(o) => o.is_empty(),
-    }
-}
-
-/// What `raw` has that `known`, what was read of it, doesn't. `paths` gets those fields' names.
-fn vanished(raw: &Value, known: &Value, path: &str, paths: &mut Vec<String>) -> Option<Kept> {
-    match (raw, known) {
-        (Value::Object(raw), Value::Object(known)) => {
-            if known.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(FOREIGN_TAG) {
-                return None;
-            }
-            let mut kept = BTreeMap::new();
-            for (key, value) in raw {
-                if CONTAINER_ONLY.contains(&key.as_str()) || (path.is_empty() && matches!(key.as_str(), "format" | "format_pending")) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let inner = if path.is_empty() { key.clone() } else { format!("{path}.{key}") };
-                match known.get(key) {
-                    None => {
-                        if !looks_default(value) {
-                            paths.push(format!("field `{inner}`"));
-                        }
-                        kept.insert(key.clone(), Kept::Field(value.clone()));
-                    }
-                    Some(known) => {
-                        if let Some(k) = vanished(value, known, &inner, paths) {
-                            kept.insert(key.clone(), k);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            (!kept.is_empty()).then_some(Kept::Fields(kept))
-        }
-        (Value::Array(raw), Value::Array(known)) => {
-            let mut items = Vec::new();
-            for (at, element) in raw.iter().enumerate() {
-                let anchor = anchor_of(element).unwrap_or(Anchor::Index { at, of: raw.len() });
-                let Some(partner) = find(known, &anchor) else { continue };
-                let label = match (element.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str), &anchor) {
-                    (Some(name), _) => format!("{path}[{name}]"),
-                    (None, Anchor::Id(id)) => format!("{path}[{id}]"),
-                    _ => format!("{path}[{at}]"),
-                };
-                if let Some(k) = vanished(element, partner, &label, paths) {
-                    items.push((anchor, k));
-                }
-            }
-            (!items.is_empty()).then_some(Kept::Items(items))
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-fn anchor_of(element: &Value) -> Option<Anchor> {
-    if let Some(id) = element.get("id").and_then(Value::as_u64) {
-        return Some(Anchor::Id(id));
-    }
-    element.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).map(|name| Anchor::Name(name.to_string()))
-}
-
-fn find<'a>(list: &'a [Value], anchor: &Anchor) -> Option<&'a Value> {
-    match anchor {
-        Anchor::Id(id) => list.iter().find(|x| x.get("id").and_then(Value::as_u64) == Some(*id)),
-        Anchor::Name(name) => list.iter().find(|x| x.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(name)),
-        Anchor::Index { at, of } => (list.len() == *of).then(|| list.get(*at)).flatten(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn find_mut<'a>(list: &'a mut [Value], anchor: &Anchor) -> Option<&'a mut Value> {
-    match anchor {
-        Anchor::Id(id) => list.iter_mut().find(|x| x.get("id").and_then(Value::as_u64) == Some(*id)),
-        Anchor::Name(name) => list.iter_mut().find(|x| x.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(name)),
-        Anchor::Index { at, of } => (list.len() == *of).then(|| list.get_mut(*at)).flatten(),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Put the kept fields back. An element that is gone was deleted here, its fields with it; one
-/// whose place can't be told any more, and a field whose record is gone, go into `lost`.
-fn apply(kept: &Kept, value: &mut Value, path: &str, lost: &mut Vec<String>) {
-    match kept {
-        Kept::Field(_) => {}
-        Kept::Fields(fields) => {
-            let Some(object) = value.as_object_mut() else {
-                lost.push(format!("field `{path}`"));
-                return;
-            };
-            for (key, sub) in fields {
-                let inner = if path.is_empty() { key.clone() } else { format!("{path}.{key}") };
-                match (sub, object.get_mut(key)) {
-                    (Kept::Field(v), None) => {
-                        object.insert(key.clone(), v.clone());
-                    }
-                    (Kept::Field(_), Some(_)) => {}
-                    (sub, Some(inner_value)) => apply(sub, inner_value, &inner, lost),
-                    // The list it was in is empty and not written: its elements were deleted.
-                    (Kept::Items(_), None) => {}
-                    (_, None) => lost.push(format!("field `{inner}`")),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Kept::Items(items) => {
-            let Some(list) = value.as_array_mut() else {
-                lost.push(format!("field `{path}`"));
-                return;
-            };
-            for (anchor, sub) in items {
-                match (find_mut(list, anchor), anchor) {
-                    (Some(element), _) => apply(sub, element, path, lost),
-                    (None, Anchor::Index { at, .. }) => lost.push(format!("element {at} of `{path}`")),
-                    (None, _) => {}
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Write back what the design holds of the file a newer build saved, into `value`, the design's
-/// JSON. Returns what couldn't go back ([`not_kept`]).
-pub fn restore(doc: &Document, value: &mut Value) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut lost = Vec::new();
-    let Some(file) = &doc.newer_file else { return lost };
-    if let Some(Value::Array(features)) = value.get_mut("features") {
-        for feature in features.iter_mut().filter(|f| f.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(FOREIGN_TAG)) {
-            unwrapped(feature);
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some(kept) = &file.kept {
-        apply(kept, value, "", &mut lost);
-    }
-    if let Some(top) = value.as_object_mut() {
-        for section in &file.sections {
-            if top.get(&section.key) == section.empty.as_ref() {
-                top.insert(section.key.clone(), section.value.clone());
-            } else {
-                lost.push(format!("section `{}`, replaced by what was edited here", section.key));
-            }
-        }
-        for (key, element) in &file.elements {
-            let name = element.get("name");
-            match top.entry(key.clone()).or_insert_with(|| json!([])) {
-                Value::Array(list) if name.is_none() || !list.iter().any(|x| x.get("name") == name) => list.push(element.clone()),
-                _ => lost.push(format!("`{key}` element {}, replaced by what was made here", name.and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("unnamed"))),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    lost
-}
-
-/// What of the file a newer build saved the next save can't keep, because the design was changed
-/// around it. Empty almost always.
-pub fn not_kept(doc: &Document) -> Vec<String> {
-    let Ok(mut value) = serde_json::to_value(doc) else { return Vec::new() };
-    restore(doc, &mut value)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-#[path = "newer_file_tests.rs"]
-mod tests;

crates/doc/src/newer_file_tests.rs

@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-//! Designs a newer SolidCraft saved: they open, say so, and saving loses nothing.
-
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
-
-use crate::format::{DESIGN, FORMAT, format_string};
-use crate::{Document, FeatureKind, Model, PlaneRef};
-
-/// A real design: a sketched disc and its extrusion, and a parameter.
-fn design() -> Document {
-    use solidcraft_sketch::Sketch;
-    let mut d = Document::new("Plate");
-    d.set_param("depth", "5 mm", Some("mm"), None).unwrap();
-    let mut sketch = Sketch::new();
-    sketch.add_circle(solidcore_record::Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0), 10.0, None, None).unwrap();
-    let base = d.add_feature(FeatureKind::Sketch { plane: PlaneRef::Origin { name: "XY".into() }, sketch }, Some("Base")).unwrap();
-    d.add_feature(extrude(base), Some("Pad")).unwrap();
-    d
-}
-
-fn extrude(sketch: u64) -> FeatureKind {
-    FeatureKind::Extrude {
-        thin: None,
-        sketch: crate::SketchId(sketch),
-        profiles: crate::ProfileSel::All,
-        extent: serde_json::from_value(json!({"distance": "depth"})).unwrap(),
-        operation: crate::Operation::NewBody,
-        targets: vec![],
-    }
-}
-
-fn saved(d: &Document) -> Value {
-    serde_json::from_str(&d.to_json()).unwrap()
-}
-
-/// `(body name, volume)` of everything the design builds, and the error of each feature.
-fn built(d: &Document) -> (Vec<(String, f64)>, Vec<Option<String>>) {
-    let mut model = Model::default();
-    model.evaluate(d);
-    let bodies = model.state().bodies.iter().map(|b| (b.name.clone(), b.body.volume_at(0.01).unwrap())).collect();
-    (bodies, model.results.iter().map(|r| r.error.clone()).collect())
-}
-
-fn newer() -> String {
-    format_string(FORMAT + 1)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn one_format_newer_with_nothing_unknown_opens_with_the_same_bodies() {
-    let original = design();
-    let mut file = saved(&original);
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    let (bodies, errors) = built(&opened);
-    assert_eq!((bodies.clone(), errors), built(&original));
-    assert_eq!(bodies.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(opened.features, original.features);
-    let notice = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().notice();
-    assert_eq!(
-        notice,
-        format!("Saved by a newer SolidCraft (format {}, this version reads up to {FORMAT}). If something's missing, update.", FORMAT + 1)
-    );
-    assert!(opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().not_understood.is_empty());
-    // Saved, it still says what it is; read again, the same.
-    let again = saved(&opened);
-    assert_eq!(again["format"], json!(newer()));
-    assert_eq!(Document::from_json(&opened.to_json()).unwrap(), opened);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn an_unknown_change_opens_with_a_warning_and_stays_on_the_file() {
-    let original = design();
-    let mut file = saved(&original);
-    file["format_pending"] = json!(["a-later-change"]);
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    let report = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(report.unknown_changes, ["a-later-change"]);
-    assert!(report.notice().contains("a-later-change") && report.notice().starts_with("Saved by a newer SolidCraft"), "{}", report.notice());
-    assert_eq!(built(&opened), built(&original));
-    let again = saved(&opened);
-    assert_eq!(again["format"], json!(format_string(FORMAT)));
-    assert!(again["format_pending"].as_array().unwrap().contains(&json!("a-later-change")));
-    assert_eq!(Document::from_json(&opened.to_json()).unwrap(), opened);
-}
-
-/// The file, with a feature of a kind this build doesn't have between the sketch and the pad.
-fn with_unknown_feature() -> Value {
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["format_pending"] = json!(["a-later-change"]);
-    let future = json!({"id": 900, "name": "Lattice1", "type": "gyroid_lattice", "cell": 2.5, "nested": {"big": 1e300}, "suppressed": false});
-    file["features"].as_array_mut().unwrap().insert(1, future);
-    file
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn an_unknown_feature_kind_opens_the_rest_and_reports_that_feature() {
-    let file = with_unknown_feature();
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    let report = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert!(report.not_understood.iter().any(|what| what.contains("Lattice1") && what.contains("gyroid_lattice")), "{:?}", report.not_understood);
-    assert_eq!(opened.features.len(), 3);
-    assert!(matches!(&opened.features[1].kind, FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { raw } if raw.kind() == "gyroid_lattice"));
-    let (bodies, errors) = built(&opened);
-    assert_eq!(bodies.len(), 1, "the pad after it still builds");
-    assert!(errors[0].is_none() && errors[2].is_none(), "{errors:?}");
-    let why = errors[1].as_deref().unwrap();
-    assert!(why.contains("newer SolidCraft") && why.contains("gyroid_lattice"), "{why}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn saving_keeps_an_unknown_feature_as_the_file_had_it_and_the_files_number() {
-    let file = with_unknown_feature();
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    let again = saved(&opened);
-    assert_eq!(again["format"], file["format"], "never a lower number");
-    assert_eq!(again["format_pending"], file["format_pending"]);
-    assert_eq!(again["features"][1], file["features"][1], "the feature as the file had it");
-    assert_eq!(
-        again["features"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|f| f["type"].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        [json!("sketch"), json!("gyroid_lattice"), json!("extrude")]
-    );
-    assert_eq!(Document::from_json(&opened.to_json()).unwrap(), opened, "saved and read again, the same");
-    // A rename here goes with it; the rest stays.
-    let mut renamed = opened.clone();
-    renamed.features[1].name = "Infill".into();
-    let again = saved(&renamed);
-    assert_eq!(again["features"][1]["name"], "Infill");
-    assert_eq!(again["features"][1]["nested"], json!({"big": 1e300}));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn saving_keeps_fields_and_sections_this_version_doesnt_know() {
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["future_section"] = json!({"anything": [1, 2, 3]});
-    file["features"][1]["draft_v2"] = json!({"angle": 3.0});
-    file["params"][0]["future_note"] = json!("keep me");
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(built(&opened).0.len(), 1);
-    let report = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-    for field in ["future_section", "draft_v2", "future_note"] {
-        assert!(report.not_understood.iter().any(|what| what.contains(field)), "{field}: {:?}", report.not_understood);
-    }
-    let again = saved(&opened);
-    assert_eq!(again["future_section"], file["future_section"]);
-    assert_eq!(again["features"][1]["draft_v2"], file["features"][1]["draft_v2"]);
-    assert_eq!(again["params"][0]["future_note"], "keep me");
-    // They follow their records when the design changes around them.
-    let mut changed = opened.clone();
-    let id = changed.features[1].id;
-    changed.features.insert(0, changed.features[0].clone());
-    changed.features[0].id = 777;
-    assert_eq!(changed.feature(id).unwrap().name, "Pad");
-    let again = saved(&changed);
-    assert_eq!(again["features"][2]["draft_v2"], file["features"][1]["draft_v2"]);
-    assert!(crate::newer_file::not_kept(&changed).is_empty());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn a_section_that_doesnt_read_is_left_out_named_and_kept() {
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["configs"] = json!({"columns": [{"unknown_future_column": "Body"}], "rules": {"unknown_future_rule": true}});
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(built(&opened).0.len(), 1);
-    let report = opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert!(report.not_understood.iter().any(|what| what.contains("configs")), "{:?}", report.not_understood);
-    assert_eq!(saved(&opened)["configs"], file["configs"]);
-    assert!(crate::newer_file::not_kept(&opened).is_empty());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn a_parameter_that_doesnt_read_is_left_out_named_and_kept() {
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["params"].as_array_mut().unwrap().push(json!({"name": "future", "expression": {"kind": "table"}}));
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(built(&opened).0.len(), 1);
-    assert!(opened.newer_file.as_ref().unwrap().not_understood.iter().any(|what| what.contains("`future`")));
-    let names: Vec<_> = saved(&opened)["params"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|p| p["name"].clone()).collect();
-    assert!(names.contains(&json!("future")) && names.contains(&json!("depth")), "{names:?}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn what_cant_go_back_after_an_edit_is_said() {
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["configs"] = json!({"columns": [{"unknown_future_column": "Body"}]});
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert!(crate::newer_file::not_kept(&opened).is_empty());
-    let mut edited = opened.clone();
-    edited.favorites.insert("depth".into());
-    assert!(crate::newer_file::not_kept(&edited).is_empty(), "an edit elsewhere costs nothing");
-    let baseline: Value = saved(&edited);
-    assert_eq!(baseline["configs"], file["configs"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn a_feature_this_version_reads_wrongly_is_kept_whole() {
-    // A kind this build has, in a shape it doesn't: the feature can't read, and is not guessed at.
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    file["features"][1]["operation"] = json!("weave");
-    let opened = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap();
-    assert!(matches!(&opened.features[1].kind, FeatureKind::NewerFileFeature { raw } if raw.kind() == "extrude"));
-    assert!(built(&opened).1[1].as_deref().unwrap().contains("newer SolidCraft"));
-    assert_eq!(saved(&opened)["features"][1], file["features"][1]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn what_truly_cant_be_read_says_why() {
-    for (text, says) in [
-        ("not json", "HDR resource admission"),
-        ("{\"format\":\"solidcraft/0\",\"name\":\"x\"}", "format 0"),
-        ("{\"format\":\"someone-else/9\"}", "not a SolidCraft design (format `someone-else/9`)"),
-    ] {
-        let why = Document::from_json(text).unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(why.contains(says), "{text}: {why}");
-    }
-    // Two features of one id are damage whatever build saved them.
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["format"] = json!(newer());
-    let same = file["features"][0].clone();
-    file["features"].as_array_mut().unwrap().push(same);
-    let why = Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).unwrap_err().to_string();
-    assert!(why.contains(&format!("format {}", FORMAT + 1)) && why.contains("can't read it") && why.contains("damaged"), "{why}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn a_file_this_build_fully_knows_is_not_flagged_and_damage_is_still_refused() {
-    assert!(Document::from_json(&design().to_json()).unwrap().newer_file.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(DESIGN.newer(FORMAT, None), None);
-    let mut file = saved(&design());
-    file["features"][1]["type"] = json!("gyroid_lattice");
-    assert!(Document::from_json(&file.to_string()).is_err(), "of this build's own format, that is damage");
-}

crates/doc/src/params.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::expr::{self, Expr, Kind, ParamDef, Value};
+use crate::sheet::rule_references;
 use crate::walk::Walk;
 use crate::{DocError, Document, FeatureKind, MAX_PARAMS, Result};
 
@@ -797,13 +798,14 @@ impl Document {
             }
         }
         let uses = |e: &str| expr::references(e).iter().any(|r| r == name);
+        let rule_uses = |field: &str, e: &str| rule_references(field, e).iter().any(|r| r == name);
         for r in &self.sheet.rules {
-            for (field, _, _) in r.fields().into_iter().filter(|(_, e, _)| uses(e)) {
+            for (field, _, _) in r.fields().into_iter().filter(|(f, e, _)| rule_uses(f, e)) {
                 out.push(ParamUser::Rule { kind: "sheet metal".into(), name: r.name.clone(), field: field.into() });
             }
         }
         for r in &self.plastic.rules {
-            for (field, _, _) in r.fields().into_iter().filter(|(_, e, _)| uses(e)) {
+            for (field, _, _) in r.fields().into_iter().filter(|(f, e, _)| rule_uses(f, e)) {
                 out.push(ParamUser::Rule { kind: "plastic".into(), name: r.name.clone(), field: field.into() });
             }
         }
@@ -855,6 +857,21 @@ impl Document {
         if self.name_taken(new) {
             return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!("there is already a parameter `{new}`")));
         }
+        // Outside a rule's own thickness, `Thickness` is the rule's thickness (#9623): renaming to
+        // it would turn those references into the rule's thickness and change their values.
+        if new == "Thickness" {
+            let uses_old = |field: &str, e: &str| field != "thickness" && expr::references(e).iter().any(|r| r == old);
+            let sheet = self.sheet.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields().into_iter().map(move |(f, e, _)| ("sheet metal", &r.name, f, e)));
+            let plastic = self.plastic.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields().into_iter().map(move |(f, e, _)| ("plastic", &r.name, f, e)));
+            let list: Vec<String> =
+                sheet.chain(plastic).filter(|(_, _, f, e)| uses_old(f, e)).map(|(kind, name, f, _)| format!("{kind} rule {name} ({f})")).collect();
+            if !list.is_empty() {
+                return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!(
+                    "`{old}` can't be renamed to `Thickness`: {} would read the rule's thickness instead",
+                    list.join(", ")
+                )));
+            }
+        }
         let mut n = 0;
         let text = self.text_param(old).is_some();
         for p in &mut self.text_params {
@@ -964,7 +981,8 @@ impl Document {
         }
         // Sheet metal and plastic rules and canvas planes hold expressions too (#4420).
         let rules = self.sheet.rules.iter_mut().flat_map(|r| r.fields_mut()).chain(self.plastic.rules.iter_mut().flat_map(|r| r.fields_mut()));
-        for (_, e) in rules {
+        // `Thickness` outside a rule's own thickness is the rule's, not the parameter (#9623).
+        for (_, e) in rules.filter(|(field, _)| old != "Thickness" || *field == "thickness") {
             let r = expr::rename_reference(e, old, new);
             if r != *e {
                 *e = r;
@@ -1025,10 +1043,10 @@ impl Document {
             }
             // Sheet metal and plastic features rebuild when their rules' parameters change (#4420).
             if f.kind.is_sheet() {
-                names.extend(self.sheet.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields()).flat_map(|(_, e, _)| expr::references(e)));
+                names.extend(self.sheet.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields()).flat_map(|(f, e, _)| rule_references(f, e)));
             }
             if f.kind.is_plastic() {
-                names.extend(self.plastic.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields()).flat_map(|(_, e, _)| expr::references(e)));
+                names.extend(self.plastic.rules.iter().flat_map(|r| r.fields()).flat_map(|(f, e, _)| rule_references(f, e)));
             }
             out.extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| (format!("Feature:{}", f.name), n)));
         }
@@ -1052,9 +1070,9 @@ impl Document {
         }
         // A rule that uses it changes every sheet metal (or plastic) feature: the evaluation
         // hashes the rules into their fingerprint.
-        let uses = |e: &String| expr::references(e).iter().any(|r| affected.contains(r));
-        let sheet = self.sheet.rules.iter().any(|r| r.fields().iter().any(|(_, e, _)| uses(e)));
-        let plastic = self.plastic.rules.iter().any(|r| r.fields().iter().any(|(_, e, _)| uses(e)));
+        let uses = |field: &str, e: &str| rule_references(field, e).iter().any(|r| affected.contains(r));
+        let sheet = self.sheet.rules.iter().any(|r| r.fields().iter().any(|(f, e, _)| uses(f, e)));
+        let plastic = self.plastic.rules.iter().any(|r| r.fields().iter().any(|(f, e, _)| uses(f, e)));
         let mut out = Vec::new();
         for f in &self.features {
             let mut hit = f.param_names.iter().any(|n| affected.contains(n));

crates/doc/src/placement_reuse.rs

@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ pub(super) fn local_geometry(f: &Feature, components: &std::collections::HashMap
 /// Assembly records do not feed any of the feature kinds accepted by `local_geometry`.
 fn same_geometry_inputs(a: &Document, b: &Document) -> bool {
     let Document {
-        newer_file: _,
         render,
         format,
         format_pending,

crates/doc/src/plastic.rs

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ impl Document {
             return Err(DocError::Invalid("the plastic thickness must be positive".into()));
         }
         let with_t = |e: &str, k: Kind| -> Result<f64> {
-            let f = |n: &str| if n == "Thickness" && !vals.contains_key("Thickness") { Ok(Value::length(t)) } else { look(n) };
+            let f = |n: &str| if n == "Thickness" { Ok(Value::length(t)) } else { look(n) };
             let v = expr::eval_with(e, &f)?.to_kind(k)?;
             if !v.is_finite() || v < 0.0 {
                 return Err(DocError::Invalid(format!("plastic rule `{}`: `{e}` must not be negative", r.name)));

crates/doc/src/profile_refs.rs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ fn selection_indices(ss: &SolvedSketch, selection: &ProfileSel, mut notes: Optio
                     .profiles
                     .iter()
                     .enumerate()
-                    .filter(|(_, profile)| profile.region.contains(*point))
+                    .filter(|(_, profile)| profile.contains(*point))
                     .min_by(|(_, a), (_, b)| a.area.total_cmp(&b.area))
                     .ok_or_else(|| DocError::Unknown(format!("profile at {:?} in {}", [point.x, point.y], ss.name)))?;
                 indices.push(index);

crates/doc/src/project.rs

@@ -1619,7 +1619,36 @@ pub(crate) fn section(plane: &Plane, m: &Mesh, face: Option<u32>) -> Vec<LinkGeo
     // where they are) are kept when they take no more curves than the loose fit.
     let close = refine(fit_segments(&segs, size, true));
     let plain = |v: &[LinkGeom]| v.iter().all(|g| matches!(g, LinkGeom::Line(..) | LinkGeom::Arc { .. } | LinkGeom::Circle(..)));
-    if plain(&close) && close.len() <= lossy.len() { close } else { lossy }
+    // A loose fit with fewer curves can still be wrong: short faces beside a small round (2 mm
+    // walls each side of an R2 corner) fit within its tolerance as one larger arc. The exact
+    // crossings (on planes and rulings) show it: one of them off every curve of the fit.
+    // Any other curve counts as near, and past a work limit nothing is checked: the loose fit
+    // stands, as before.
+    let tight = size * 1e-4;
+    let checkable = exact.len().saturating_mul(close.len()) <= 4_000_000;
+    let strays = |v: &[LinkGeom]| exact.iter().any(|p| !v.iter().any(|g| plain_distance(g, *p).is_none_or(|d| d <= tight)));
+    if plain(&close) && (close.len() <= lossy.len() || (checkable && strays(&lossy) && !strays(&close))) { close } else { lossy }
+}
+
+/// How far `p` lies from a line, arc or circle; None for any other curve.
+fn plain_distance(g: &LinkGeom, p: Vec2) -> Option<f64> {
+    match *g {
+        LinkGeom::Line(a, b) => {
+            let d = b - a;
+            let t = if d.len2() > 0.0 { ((p - a).dot(d) / d.len2()).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+            Some(p.dist(a.lerp(b, t)))
+        }
+        LinkGeom::Circle(c, r) => Some((p.dist(c) - r).abs()),
+        LinkGeom::Arc { c, a, b } => {
+            let (s0, sw) = ((a - c).angle(), ((b - c).angle() - (a - c).angle()).rem_euclid(std::f64::consts::TAU));
+            if ((p - c).angle() - s0).rem_euclid(std::f64::consts::TAU) <= sw + 1e-9 {
+                Some((p.dist(c) - c.dist(a)).abs())
+            } else {
+                Some(p.dist(a).min(p.dist(b)))
+            }
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
 }
 
 /// The segments where the plane crosses the mesh's triangles (in plane coordinates, each with

crates/doc/src/sheet.rs

@@ -284,6 +284,16 @@ impl SheetRule {
     }
 }
 
+/// The design parameters a rule's `field` expression `e` reads: outside the rule's own
+/// `thickness`, `Thickness` is the rule's thickness (sheet metal and plastic rules alike).
+pub fn rule_references(field: &str, e: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut names = expr::references(e);
+    if field != "thickness" {
+        names.retain(|n| n != "Thickness");
+    }
+    names
+}
+
 fn rule_gap() -> String {
     "Thickness".into()
 }
@@ -464,7 +474,8 @@ impl Document {
             .unwrap_or_else(SheetRule::steel)
     }
 
-    /// Evaluate a rule: `Thickness` in its expressions is the rule's thickness.
+    /// Evaluate a rule: `Thickness` in its expressions is the rule's thickness, even where the
+    /// design has a parameter of that name (#9623); only the rule's `thickness` itself reads it.
     pub fn rule_values(&self, vals: &std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Value>, r: &SheetRule) -> Result<RuleValues> {
         self.rule_values_at(vals, r, None)
     }
@@ -481,7 +492,7 @@ impl Document {
             return Err(DocError::Invalid("the sheet thickness must be more than 0 and less than 10000 mm".into()));
         }
         let with_t = |e: &str, k: Kind| -> Result<f64> {
-            let f = |n: &str| if n == "Thickness" && !vals.contains_key("Thickness") { Ok(Value::length(t)) } else { look(n) };
+            let f = |n: &str| if n == "Thickness" { Ok(Value::length(t)) } else { look(n) };
             expr::eval_with(e, &f)?.to_kind(k)
         };
         let v = RuleValues {

crates/doc/src/walk.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ impl Walk for i8 {}
 impl Walk for f64 {}
 impl Walk for usize {}
 impl Walk for u32 {}
-impl Walk for crate::newer_file::RawFeature {}
 impl Walk for ProfileSel {}
 impl Walk for std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String> {}
 impl Walk for crate::frame::Anchor {}

crates/dynamics/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "solidcraft-dynamics"
+description = "SolidCraft multibody dynamics: rigid bodies, joint constraints, gravity and springs, integrated in time"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+solidcore-record = { workspace = true }
+solidcraft-geom = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+serde_json = { workspace = true }

crates/dynamics/src/integrate.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+//! Time stepping: classical Runge–Kutta 4 with a fixed step, or Dormand–Prince 5(4) with an
+//! embedded error estimate, each followed by projection onto the joints (positions, then
+//! velocities), landing on every output sample.
+
+use crate::model::{Integrator, MAX_MAGNITUDE, MAX_STEPS, Model, Settings};
+use crate::system::System;
+use crate::{DynamicsError, Result, Sample, Stats, Trajectory};
+
+/// Dormand–Prince 5(4) tableau (the system is autonomous, so the nodes are not needed): stage
+/// weights, fifth-order weights and the difference between the fifth- and fourth-order weights
+/// (the error estimate).
+const DP_A: [[f64; 6]; 7] = [
+    [0.0; 6],
+    [1.0 / 5.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+    [3.0 / 40.0, 9.0 / 40.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+    [44.0 / 45.0, -56.0 / 15.0, 32.0 / 9.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+    [19372.0 / 6561.0, -25360.0 / 2187.0, 64448.0 / 6561.0, -212.0 / 729.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+    [9017.0 / 3168.0, -355.0 / 33.0, 46732.0 / 5247.0, 49.0 / 176.0, -5103.0 / 18656.0, 0.0],
+    [35.0 / 384.0, 0.0, 500.0 / 1113.0, 125.0 / 192.0, -2187.0 / 6784.0, 11.0 / 84.0],
+];
+const DP_B: [f64; 7] = [35.0 / 384.0, 0.0, 500.0 / 1113.0, 125.0 / 192.0, -2187.0 / 6784.0, 11.0 / 84.0, 0.0];
+const DP_E: [f64; 7] = [
+    35.0 / 384.0 - 5179.0 / 57600.0,
+    0.0,
+    500.0 / 1113.0 - 7571.0 / 16695.0,
+    125.0 / 192.0 - 393.0 / 640.0,
+    -2187.0 / 6784.0 + 92097.0 / 339200.0,
+    11.0 / 84.0 - 187.0 / 2100.0,
+    -1.0 / 40.0,
+];
+
+/// `y + Σ k_i · w_i · h`.
+fn combine(y: &[f64], ks: &[Vec<f64>], weights: &[f64], h: f64) -> Vec<f64> {
+    let mut out = y.to_vec();
+    for (k, w) in ks.iter().zip(weights) {
+        if *w == 0.0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (o, d) in out.iter_mut().zip(k) {
+            *o += h * w * d;
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn at_time(e: DynamicsError, t: f64) -> DynamicsError {
+    match e {
+        DynamicsError::Singular { .. } => DynamicsError::Singular { time: t },
+        DynamicsError::Diverged { .. } => DynamicsError::Diverged { time: t },
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+struct Run<'a> {
+    sys: &'a System,
+    settings: &'a Settings,
+    stats: Stats,
+}
+
+impl Run<'_> {
+    fn deriv(&self, y: &[f64]) -> Result<Vec<f64>> {
+        self.sys.accelerations(y).map(|a| a.ydot)
+    }
+
+    /// Normalise, project and check a new state.
+    fn finish_step(&mut self, y: &mut [f64], t: f64) -> Result<()> {
+        self.sys.normalize(y).map_err(|e| at_time(e, t))?;
+        if self.settings.projection {
+            self.sys.project_positions(y, self.settings.projection_tol).map_err(|e| at_time(e, t))?;
+            self.sys.project_velocities(y).map_err(|e| at_time(e, t))?;
+        }
+        if !y.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite() && x.abs() < MAX_MAGNITUDE) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::Diverged { time: t });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn count_step(&mut self, t: f64) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.stats.steps + self.stats.rejected >= MAX_STEPS {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::StepLimit { time: t });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn rk4(&mut self, y: &[f64], h: f64) -> Result<Vec<f64>> {
+        let k1 = self.deriv(y)?;
+        let k2 = self.deriv(&combine(y, std::slice::from_ref(&k1), &[0.5], h))?;
+        let k3 = self.deriv(&combine(y, std::slice::from_ref(&k2), &[0.5], h))?;
+        let k4 = self.deriv(&combine(y, std::slice::from_ref(&k3), &[1.0], h))?;
+        Ok(combine(y, &[k1, k2, k3, k4], &[1.0 / 6.0, 1.0 / 3.0, 1.0 / 3.0, 1.0 / 6.0], h))
+    }
+
+    /// One Dormand–Prince step: the fifth-order state and the scaled error norm.
+    fn dopri(&mut self, y: &[f64], h: f64, rel_tol: f64, abs_tol: f64) -> Result<(Vec<f64>, f64)> {
+        let mut ks: Vec<Vec<f64>> = Vec::with_capacity(7);
+        for a in DP_A.iter().take(6) {
+            let stage = combine(y, &ks, a, h);
+            ks.push(self.deriv(&stage)?);
+        }
+        let y5 = combine(y, &ks, &DP_B, h);
+        ks.push(self.deriv(&y5)?);
+        let err = combine(&vec![0.0; y.len()], &ks, &DP_E, h);
+        let n = y.len().max(1) as f64;
+        let sum: f64 = err
+            .iter()
+            .zip(y.iter().zip(&y5))
+            .map(|(e, (a, b))| {
+                let scale = abs_tol + rel_tol * a.abs().max(b.abs());
+                (e / scale).powi(2)
+            })
+            .sum();
+        Ok((y5, (sum / n).sqrt()))
+    }
+
+    /// Advance `y` from `t` to `t_end` exactly.
+    fn advance(&mut self, y: &mut Vec<f64>, t: &mut f64, t_end: f64, h_next: &mut f64) -> Result<()> {
+        let span = t_end - *t;
+        let eps = 1e-12 * t_end.abs().max(1.0);
+        match self.settings.integrator {
+            Integrator::Rk4 { step } => {
+                // Equal steps no longer than `step` that land on t_end.
+                let n = (span / step).ceil().max(1.0);
+                let h = span / n;
+                for _ in 0..n as usize {
+                    self.count_step(*t)?;
+                    let mut next = self.rk4(y, h).map_err(|e| at_time(e, *t))?;
+                    *t += h;
+                    self.finish_step(&mut next, *t)?;
+                    *y = next;
+                    self.stats.steps += 1;
+                }
+                *t = t_end;
+            }
+            Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol, abs_tol, min_step, max_step } => {
+                while t_end - *t > eps {
+                    self.count_step(*t)?;
+                    let remaining = t_end - *t;
+                    let h = h_next.clamp(min_step, max_step).min(remaining);
+                    let (mut next, err) = self.dopri(y, h, rel_tol, abs_tol).map_err(|e| at_time(e, *t))?;
+                    // The usual controller: 0.9·err^(−1/5), within [0.2, 5].
+                    let factor = if err > 0.0 { (0.9 * err.powf(-0.2)).clamp(0.2, 5.0) } else { 5.0 };
+                    if err <= 1.0 {
+                        let landed = h >= remaining;
+                        *t = if landed { t_end } else { *t + h };
+                        self.finish_step(&mut next, *t)?;
+                        *y = next;
+                        self.stats.steps += 1;
+                        // Keep the step chosen before a shortened landing step.
+                        if !landed || factor < 1.0 {
+                            *h_next = h * factor;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        self.stats.rejected += 1;
+                        if h <= min_step * (1.0 + 1e-9) {
+                            return Err(DynamicsError::StepTooSmall { time: *t });
+                        }
+                        *h_next = (h * factor).max(min_step);
+                    }
+                }
+                *t = t_end;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn sample(&mut self, y: &[f64], t: f64) -> Result<Sample> {
+        let acc = self.sys.accelerations(y).map_err(|e| at_time(e, t))?;
+        let constraint_error = self.sys.constraint_error(y);
+        self.stats.max_constraint_error = self.stats.max_constraint_error.max(constraint_error);
+        self.stats.redundant_equations = self.stats.redundant_equations.max(acc.row_count().saturating_sub(acc.rank));
+        Ok(Sample { time: t, bodies: self.sys.body_states(y), joints: self.sys.joint_results(y, &acc), energy: self.sys.energy(y), constraint_error })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Simulates `model` for `settings.duration`, returning the states at every output interval
+/// (the first at t = 0, after the start has been projected onto the joints).
+pub fn simulate(model: &Model, settings: &Settings) -> Result<Trajectory> {
+    settings.validate()?;
+    let sys = System::new(model, settings.baumgarte)?;
+    let mut y = System::initial_state(model)?;
+    // An inconsistent start (frames a little apart, velocities the joints don't allow) is
+    // brought onto the joints first, whether or not later steps project.
+    sys.project_positions(&mut y, settings.projection_tol).map_err(|e| at_time(e, 0.0))?;
+    sys.project_velocities(&mut y).map_err(|e| at_time(e, 0.0))?;
+    let mut run = Run { sys: &sys, settings, stats: Stats::default() };
+    let count = (settings.duration / settings.output_interval).ceil() as usize;
+    let mut samples = Vec::with_capacity(count + 1);
+    samples.push(run.sample(&y, 0.0)?);
+    let mut t = 0.0;
+    let mut h_next = match settings.integrator {
+        Integrator::Rk4 { step } => step,
+        Integrator::Adaptive { min_step, max_step, .. } => (settings.output_interval * 0.1).clamp(min_step, max_step),
+    };
+    for k in 1..=count {
+        let t_end = (k as f64 * settings.output_interval).min(settings.duration);
+        if t_end <= t {
+            continue;
+        }
+        run.advance(&mut y, &mut t, t_end, &mut h_next)?;
+        samples.push(run.sample(&y, t)?);
+    }
+    Ok(Trajectory { samples, stats: run.stats })
+}

crates/dynamics/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//! Multibody dynamics for SolidCraft (RFC #9719): rigid bodies with masses and inertias, held
+//! together by joints, moved by gravity, springs, dampers and loads, integrated in time.
+//!
+//! The crate knows nothing of documents or occurrences: a [`Model`] lists bodies (mass,
+//! inertia about the centre of mass, starting pose and velocities), joints between frames on
+//! them ([`JointKind`]: rigid, revolute, slider, cylindrical, planar, ball) and force elements;
+//! [`simulate`] returns a [`Trajectory`] of poses, joint values and rates, joint reactions and
+//! energies at a fixed output interval. The assembly layer maps occurrences and joints to it.
+//!
+//! The formulation is the textbook one for constrained rigid bodies in maximal coordinates
+//! (Lagrange multipliers, index-1 form, see `system.rs`), stepped by Runge–Kutta 4 or
+//! Dormand–Prince 5(4) and projected back onto the joints after every step (`integrate.rs`).
+//!
+//! Units are the design's: mm, kg, s and radians, so forces are in mN (kg·mm/s²), torques in
+//! mN·mm, stiffness in N/m (kg/s²) and gravity in mm/s² ([`STANDARD_GRAVITY`]).
+//!
+//! Every input is checked ([`Model::validate`], [`Settings::validate`]) and every size and loop
+//! is capped ([`MAX_BODIES`], [`MAX_STEPS`], …): a bad model is an error, never a panic.
+#![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+
+mod integrate;
+mod linalg;
+pub mod math;
+mod model;
+mod system;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use solidcore_record::Vec3;
+
+pub use integrate::simulate;
+pub use math::{Mat3, Quat};
+pub use model::{
+    Anchor, Body, Force, Integrator, Joint, JointKind, MAX_BODIES, MAX_CONSTRAINT_ROWS, MAX_FORCES, MAX_JOINTS, MAX_MAGNITUDE,
+    MAX_PROJECTION_ITERATIONS, MAX_SAMPLES, MAX_STEPS, Marker, Model, STANDARD_GRAVITY, Settings,
+};
+
+/// Why a simulation could not run or stopped.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum DynamicsError {
+    #[error("invalid model: {0}")]
+    InvalidModel(String),
+    #[error("invalid settings: {0}")]
+    InvalidSettings(String),
+    #[error("too large: {0}")]
+    TooLarge(String),
+    #[error("the joint equations could not be solved at t = {time} s")]
+    Singular { time: f64 },
+    #[error("the motion diverged at t = {time} s")]
+    Diverged { time: f64 },
+    #[error("the step needed at t = {time} s is below the smallest allowed")]
+    StepTooSmall { time: f64 },
+    #[error("the run needs more than the step limit (stopped at t = {time} s)")]
+    StepLimit { time: f64 },
+}
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, DynamicsError>;
+
+/// A body's state at one time (world).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct BodyState {
+    /// Centre of mass (mm).
+    pub position: Vec3,
+    /// The body's axes (body → world).
+    pub orientation: Quat,
+    /// Velocity of the centre of mass (mm/s).
+    pub velocity: Vec3,
+    /// Angular velocity (rad/s).
+    pub angular_velocity: Vec3,
+}
+
+/// A joint's state at one time.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct JointResult {
+    /// The joint's values ([`JointKind::values`]; radians and mm). A ball joint gives B's turn
+    /// from A as a rotation vector in A's frame.
+    pub values: Vec<f64>,
+    /// Their rates (rad/s, mm/s); a ball joint gives the relative angular velocity in A's frame.
+    pub rates: Vec<f64>,
+    /// The force the joint puts on `b`'s side (world, mN). Joints whose equations repeat
+    /// others' (a planar linkage of revolutes) share their reactions in one of many valid ways.
+    pub force: Vec3,
+    /// The torque the joint puts on `b`'s side about its frame's origin (world, mN·mm).
+    pub torque: Vec3,
+}
+
+/// Energies at one time (kg·mm²/s² = µJ).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Energy {
+    pub kinetic: f64,
+    /// Potential energy of gravity, zero at the world origin.
+    pub gravity: f64,
+    /// Energy stored in springs (preload included).
+    pub spring: f64,
+}
+
+impl Energy {
+    pub fn total(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.kinetic + self.gravity + self.spring
+    }
+}
+
+/// The system at one output time.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Sample {
+    /// Time (s).
+    pub time: f64,
+    pub bodies: Vec<BodyState>,
+    pub joints: Vec<JointResult>,
+    pub energy: Energy,
+    /// The largest joint equation error (mm for points; directions are unitless).
+    pub constraint_error: f64,
+}
+
+/// What a run did.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Stats {
+    /// Accepted steps.
+    pub steps: usize,
+    /// Rejected steps (adaptive integration).
+    pub rejected: usize,
+    /// The largest joint equation error at an output sample.
+    pub max_constraint_error: f64,
+    /// Joint equations that repeat others (the most at any sample).
+    pub redundant_equations: usize,
+}
+
+/// A run's result: the samples at t = 0, one output interval, two, … up to the duration.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Trajectory {
+    pub samples: Vec<Sample>,
+    pub stats: Stats,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

crates/dynamics/src/linalg.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//! Dense symmetric positive semi-definite solves for the constraint equations.
+//!
+//! The matrix `J M⁻¹ Jᵀ` is singular when joints repeat each other's constraints (every
+//! revolute of a planar linkage built in 3D also holds the linkage in its plane), but its
+//! right-hand side is then consistent. A Cholesky factorisation with diagonal pivoting stops at
+//! the numerical rank and sets the multipliers of the dependent rows to zero, which solves such
+//! a system exactly.
+
+/// A square row-major matrix.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Sym {
+    n: usize,
+    data: Vec<f64>,
+}
+
+impl Sym {
+    pub(crate) fn zeros(n: usize) -> Sym {
+        Sym { n, data: vec![0.0; n.saturating_mul(n)] }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, r: usize, c: usize) -> f64 {
+        self.data.get(r * self.n + c).copied().unwrap_or(0.0)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, r: usize, c: usize, v: f64) {
+        if let Some(x) = self.data.get_mut(r * self.n + c) {
+            *x = v;
+        }
+    }
+    fn swap(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize) {
+        if a == b {
+            return;
+        }
+        let n = self.n;
+        for c in 0..n {
+            self.data.swap(a * n + c, b * n + c);
+        }
+        for r in 0..n {
+            self.data.swap(r * n + a, r * n + b);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Solve `A x = b` for a symmetric positive semi-definite `A`, dropping the directions whose
+/// pivot falls below `rel_tol` times the largest diagonal. Returns the solution and the rank;
+/// `None` when the input is not finite or the sizes disagree.
+pub(crate) fn solve_psd(mut a: Sym, b: &[f64], rel_tol: f64) -> Option<(Vec<f64>, usize)> {
+    let n = a.n;
+    if b.len() != n || a.data.len() != n.checked_mul(n)? || !b.iter().chain(&a.data).all(|x| x.is_finite()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut perm: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
+    let mut rhs = b.to_vec();
+    let max_diag = (0..n).map(|i| a.get(i, i)).fold(0.0_f64, f64::max);
+    let tol = (max_diag * rel_tol).max(f64::MIN_POSITIVE);
+    let mut rank = 0;
+    for k in 0..n {
+        // The largest remaining diagonal becomes the pivot.
+        let (best, best_val) = (k..n).map(|i| (i, a.get(i, i))).fold((k, f64::NEG_INFINITY), |acc, x| if x.1 > acc.1 { x } else { acc });
+        if !(best_val > tol) {
+            break;
+        }
+        a.swap(k, best);
+        perm.swap(k, best);
+        rhs.swap(k, best);
+        let l = best_val.sqrt();
+        a.set(k, k, l);
+        // Both triangles are kept, so a later pivot swap moves whole rows and columns.
+        for i in k + 1..n {
+            let v = a.get(i, k) / l;
+            a.set(i, k, v);
+            a.set(k, i, v);
+        }
+        for j in k + 1..n {
+            let ljk = a.get(j, k);
+            if ljk == 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for i in j..n {
+                let v = a.get(i, j) - a.get(i, k) * ljk;
+                a.set(i, j, v);
+                a.set(j, i, v);
+            }
+        }
+        rank = k + 1;
+    }
+    // L y = rhs (first `rank` rows), then Lᵀ x = y; the dependent unknowns stay 0.
+    let mut y = vec![0.0; n];
+    for i in 0..rank {
+        let s = (0..i).fold(rhs.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0), |s, j| s - a.get(i, j) * y.get(j).copied().unwrap_or(0.0));
+        if let Some(v) = y.get_mut(i) {
+            *v = s / a.get(i, i);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut x = vec![0.0; n];
+    for i in (0..rank).rev() {
+        let s = (i + 1..rank).fold(y.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0), |s, j| s - a.get(j, i) * x.get(j).copied().unwrap_or(0.0));
+        if let Some(v) = x.get_mut(i) {
+            *v = s / a.get(i, i);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut out = vec![0.0; n];
+    for (k, p) in perm.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let (Some(o), Some(v)) = (out.get_mut(*p), x.get(k)) {
+            *o = *v;
+        }
+    }
+    out.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()).then_some((out, rank))
+}

crates/dynamics/src/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+//! Rotations for the solver: a 3×3 matrix and a unit quaternion.
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use solidcore_record::Vec3;
+use solidcraft_geom::prelude::*;
+
+/// A 3×3 matrix, row-major (`m[row][col]`); acts on column vectors.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Mat3(pub [[f64; 3]; 3]);
+
+impl Mat3 {
+    pub const IDENTITY: Mat3 = Mat3([[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]);
+    pub const ZERO: Mat3 = Mat3([[0.0; 3]; 3]);
+
+    /// The matrix whose columns are `a`, `b` and `c`.
+    pub fn from_cols(a: Vec3, b: Vec3, c: Vec3) -> Mat3 {
+        Mat3([[a.x, b.x, c.x], [a.y, b.y, c.y], [a.z, b.z, c.z]])
+    }
+    pub fn diagonal(d: Vec3) -> Mat3 {
+        Mat3([[d.x, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, d.y, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, d.z]])
+    }
+    pub fn col(&self, i: usize) -> Vec3 {
+        let [r0, r1, r2] = self.0;
+        match i {
+            0 => Vec3::new(r0[0], r1[0], r2[0]),
+            1 => Vec3::new(r0[1], r1[1], r2[1]),
+            _ => Vec3::new(r0[2], r1[2], r2[2]),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn row(&self, i: usize) -> Vec3 {
+        let [a, b, c] = match i {
+            0 => self.0[0],
+            1 => self.0[1],
+            _ => self.0[2],
+        };
+        Vec3::new(a, b, c)
+    }
+    pub fn mul_vec(&self, v: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(self.row(0).dot(v), self.row(1).dot(v), self.row(2).dot(v))
+    }
+    pub fn mul(&self, o: &Mat3) -> Mat3 {
+        Mat3::from_cols(self.mul_vec(o.col(0)), self.mul_vec(o.col(1)), self.mul_vec(o.col(2)))
+    }
+    pub fn transpose(&self) -> Mat3 {
+        Mat3::from_cols(self.row(0), self.row(1), self.row(2))
+    }
+    pub fn is_finite(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.iter().flatten().all(|x| x.is_finite())
+    }
+    /// The largest difference between `m[i][j]` and `m[j][i]`.
+    pub fn asymmetry(&self) -> f64 {
+        let m = &self.0;
+        (m[0][1] - m[1][0]).abs().max((m[0][2] - m[2][0]).abs()).max((m[1][2] - m[2][1]).abs())
+    }
+    pub fn determinant(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.col(0).dot(self.col(1).cross(self.col(2)))
+    }
+    /// The inverse of a symmetric positive definite matrix (an inertia tensor); `None` when it is
+    /// not one (by its leading principal minors, scaled to its size).
+    pub fn spd_inverse(&self) -> Option<Mat3> {
+        let m = &self.0;
+        let scale = m[0][0].abs().max(m[1][1].abs()).max(m[2][2].abs());
+        if !(scale > 0.0) || !self.is_finite() || self.asymmetry() > 1e-9 * scale {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let rel = 1e-12;
+        let m1 = m[0][0];
+        let m2 = m[0][0] * m[1][1] - m[0][1] * m[1][0];
+        let det = self.determinant();
+        if !(m1 > rel * scale) || !(m2 > rel * scale * scale) || !(det > rel * scale * scale * scale) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // Adjugate over determinant: the cross products of the columns are the adjugate's rows.
+        let (a, b, c) = (self.col(0), self.col(1), self.col(2));
+        let inv = Mat3::from_cols(b.cross(c), c.cross(a), a.cross(b)).transpose();
+        let inv = Mat3(inv.0.map(|r| r.map(|x| x / det)));
+        inv.is_finite().then_some(inv)
+    }
+}
+
+/// `a × (b × c)`-style helper: the vector `a × (a × v)`.
+pub fn cross2(a: Vec3, v: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+    a.cross(a.cross(v))
+}
+
+/// A rotation as a unit quaternion `w + xi + yj + zk`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Quat {
+    pub w: f64,
+    pub x: f64,
+    pub y: f64,
+    pub z: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for Quat {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Quat::IDENTITY
+    }
+}
+
+impl Quat {
+    pub const IDENTITY: Quat = Quat { w: 1.0, x: 0.0, y: 0.0, z: 0.0 };
+
+    pub fn vec(self) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(self.x, self.y, self.z)
+    }
+    /// The turn by `angle` (radians) about `axis` (any length; the identity for a zero axis).
+    pub fn from_axis_angle(axis: Vec3, angle: f64) -> Quat {
+        match axis.normalized() {
+            Some(a) => {
+                let (s, c) = (angle * 0.5).sin_cos();
+                Quat { w: c, x: a.x * s, y: a.y * s, z: a.z * s }
+            }
+            None => Quat::IDENTITY,
+        }
+    }
+    /// The turn by the rotation vector `v` (axis times angle).
+    pub fn from_rotation_vector(v: Vec3) -> Quat {
+        // sin(θ/2)/θ by its series for small turns: a projection's corrections are far below
+        // the length a direction can be normalised from.
+        let angle = v.len();
+        let (s, c) = (angle * 0.5).sin_cos();
+        let k = if angle < 1e-4 { 0.5 - angle * angle / 48.0 } else { s / angle };
+        if !k.is_finite() || !v.is_finite() {
+            return Quat::IDENTITY;
+        }
+        Quat { w: c, x: v.x * k, y: v.y * k, z: v.z * k }
+    }
+    /// The rotation whose matrix has these orthonormal columns (a right-handed frame).
+    pub fn from_mat3(m: &Mat3) -> Option<Quat> {
+        let r = &m.0;
+        let tr = r[0][0] + r[1][1] + r[2][2];
+        let q = if tr > 0.0 {
+            let s = (tr + 1.0).sqrt() * 2.0;
+            Quat { w: 0.25 * s, x: (r[2][1] - r[1][2]) / s, y: (r[0][2] - r[2][0]) / s, z: (r[1][0] - r[0][1]) / s }
+        } else if r[0][0] > r[1][1] && r[0][0] > r[2][2] {
+            let s = (1.0 + r[0][0] - r[1][1] - r[2][2]).sqrt() * 2.0;
+            Quat { w: (r[2][1] - r[1][2]) / s, x: 0.25 * s, y: (r[0][1] + r[1][0]) / s, z: (r[0][2] + r[2][0]) / s }
+        } else if r[1][1] > r[2][2] {
+            let s = (1.0 + r[1][1] - r[0][0] - r[2][2]).sqrt() * 2.0;
+            Quat { w: (r[0][2] - r[2][0]) / s, x: (r[0][1] + r[1][0]) / s, y: 0.25 * s, z: (r[1][2] + r[2][1]) / s }
+        } else {
+            let s = (1.0 + r[2][2] - r[0][0] - r[1][1]).sqrt() * 2.0;
+            Quat { w: (r[1][0] - r[0][1]) / s, x: (r[0][2] + r[2][0]) / s, y: (r[1][2] + r[2][1]) / s, z: 0.25 * s }
+        };
+        q.normalized()
+    }
+    /// The Hamilton product `self ⊗ o` (turn by `o`, then by `self`).
+    pub fn compose(self, o: Quat) -> Quat {
+        Quat {
+            w: self.w * o.w - self.x * o.x - self.y * o.y - self.z * o.z,
+            x: self.w * o.x + self.x * o.w + self.y * o.z - self.z * o.y,
+            y: self.w * o.y - self.x * o.z + self.y * o.w + self.z * o.x,
+            z: self.w * o.z + self.x * o.y - self.y * o.x + self.z * o.w,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn conjugate(self) -> Quat {
+        Quat { w: self.w, x: -self.x, y: -self.y, z: -self.z }
+    }
+    pub fn norm(self) -> f64 {
+        (self.w * self.w + self.x * self.x + self.y * self.y + self.z * self.z).sqrt()
+    }
+    pub fn is_finite(self) -> bool {
+        self.w.is_finite() && self.x.is_finite() && self.y.is_finite() && self.z.is_finite()
+    }
+    /// Scaled to length 1; `None` for a zero or non-finite quaternion.
+    pub fn normalized(self) -> Option<Quat> {
+        let n = self.norm();
+        (n > 1e-300 && n.is_finite()).then(|| Quat { w: self.w / n, x: self.x / n, y: self.y / n, z: self.z / n })
+    }
+    pub fn to_mat3(self) -> Mat3 {
+        let Quat { w, x, y, z } = self;
+        Mat3([
+            [1.0 - 2.0 * (y * y + z * z), 2.0 * (x * y - w * z), 2.0 * (x * z + w * y)],
+            [2.0 * (x * y + w * z), 1.0 - 2.0 * (x * x + z * z), 2.0 * (y * z - w * x)],
+            [2.0 * (x * z - w * y), 2.0 * (y * z + w * x), 1.0 - 2.0 * (x * x + y * y)],
+        ])
+    }
+    pub fn rotate(self, v: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+        // v + 2 q×(q×v + w v)
+        let q = self.vec();
+        v + q.cross(q.cross(v) + v * self.w) * 2.0
+    }
+    /// The rate of change of this orientation when the body turns at `omega` (world frame):
+    /// `q̇ = ½ (0, ω) ⊗ q`.
+    pub fn rate(self, omega: Vec3) -> Quat {
+        let o = Quat { w: 0.0, x: omega.x, y: omega.y, z: omega.z }.compose(self);
+        Quat { w: 0.5 * o.w, x: 0.5 * o.x, y: 0.5 * o.y, z: 0.5 * o.z }
+    }
+    /// `self + k·o`, component-wise (an integrator's stage; normalise afterwards).
+    pub fn add_scaled(self, o: Quat, k: f64) -> Quat {
+        Quat { w: self.w + k * o.w, x: self.x + k * o.x, y: self.y + k * o.y, z: self.z + k * o.z }
+    }
+    /// The rotation vector (axis times angle, angle in [0, π]).
+    pub fn rotation_vector(self) -> Vec3 {
+        let q = if self.w < 0.0 { Quat { w: -self.w, x: -self.x, y: -self.y, z: -self.z } } else { self };
+        let s = q.vec().len();
+        if s < 1e-12 {
+            return q.vec() * 2.0;
+        }
+        q.vec() * (2.0 * s.atan2(q.w) / s)
+    }
+}

crates/dynamics/src/model.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+//! What a simulation is made of: rigid bodies, joints between frames on them, force elements
+//! and the solver's settings. Everything is checked by [`Model::validate`] before a run.
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use solidcore_record::Vec3;
+use solidcraft_geom::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::math::{Mat3, Quat};
+use crate::{DynamicsError, Result};
+
+/// Bodies one simulation takes at most.
+pub const MAX_BODIES: usize = 200;
+/// Joints one simulation takes at most.
+pub const MAX_JOINTS: usize = 400;
+/// Constraint equations one simulation takes at most (the dense solve grows with their cube).
+pub const MAX_CONSTRAINT_ROWS: usize = 1200;
+/// Force elements one simulation takes at most.
+pub const MAX_FORCES: usize = 2000;
+/// Integration steps one run takes at most (accepted and rejected together).
+pub const MAX_STEPS: usize = 2_000_000;
+/// Output samples one run keeps at most.
+pub const MAX_SAMPLES: usize = 100_000;
+/// Projection iterations per step at most.
+pub const MAX_PROJECTION_ITERATIONS: usize = 50;
+/// Coordinates are kept within this size (mm, mm/s, rad/s); beyond it the run stops with
+/// [`DynamicsError::Diverged`].
+pub const MAX_MAGNITUDE: f64 = 1e12;
+
+/// A rigid body. Lengths in mm, mass in kg, time in s, so forces are in kg·mm/s² (mN) and
+/// torques in mN·mm.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Body {
+    /// Mass (kg), > 0.
+    pub mass: f64,
+    /// Inertia tensor about the centre of mass in the body's own axes (kg·mm²), symmetric
+    /// positive definite.
+    pub inertia: Mat3,
+    /// Centre of mass at the start (world, mm). The body's own frame has its origin here.
+    pub position: Vec3,
+    /// The body's axes at the start (body → world).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub orientation: Quat,
+    /// Velocity of the centre of mass at the start (world, mm/s).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub velocity: Vec3,
+    /// Angular velocity at the start (world, rad/s).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub angular_velocity: Vec3,
+}
+
+impl Body {
+    /// A body at rest at `position`, axes along the world's, with a diagonal inertia.
+    pub fn at_rest(mass: f64, principal_inertia: Vec3, position: Vec3) -> Body {
+        Body {
+            mass,
+            inertia: Mat3::diagonal(principal_inertia),
+            position,
+            orientation: Quat::IDENTITY,
+            velocity: Vec3::ZERO,
+            angular_velocity: Vec3::ZERO,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A frame on a body (in the body's own coordinates: origin at its centre of mass) or, with no
+/// body, fixed in the world. `z` and `x` need not be unit or square: `x` is laid square to `z`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Marker {
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub body: Option<usize>,
+    pub origin: Vec3,
+    pub z: Vec3,
+    pub x: Vec3,
+}
+
+impl Marker {
+    pub fn new(body: Option<usize>, origin: Vec3, z: Vec3, x: Vec3) -> Marker {
+        Marker { body, origin, z, x }
+    }
+    /// A frame fixed in the world.
+    pub fn ground(origin: Vec3, z: Vec3, x: Vec3) -> Marker {
+        Marker { body: None, origin, z, x }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A point on a body (body coordinates) or, with no body, in the world.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Anchor {
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub body: Option<usize>,
+    pub point: Vec3,
+}
+
+/// The joints the solver knows; each holds `b`'s frame to `a`'s as the matching assembly joint
+/// does (z is the joint's axis), with the frames coinciding at zero joint values.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum JointKind {
+    /// No relative motion (6 equations).
+    Rigid,
+    /// Turns about z (5 equations).
+    Revolute,
+    /// Slides along z (5 equations).
+    Slider,
+    /// Turns about and slides along z (4 equations).
+    Cylindrical,
+    /// Slides in the xy plane and turns about z (3 equations).
+    Planar,
+    /// Turns any way about the common origin (3 equations).
+    Ball,
+}
+
+impl JointKind {
+    /// How many constraint equations the joint adds.
+    pub fn equations(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            JointKind::Rigid => 6,
+            JointKind::Revolute | JointKind::Slider => 5,
+            JointKind::Cylindrical => 4,
+            JointKind::Planar | JointKind::Ball => 3,
+        }
+    }
+    /// The joint's values, in the order [`crate::JointResult::values`] gives them.
+    pub fn values(self) -> &'static [&'static str] {
+        match self {
+            JointKind::Rigid => &[],
+            JointKind::Revolute => &["angle"],
+            JointKind::Slider => &["distance"],
+            JointKind::Cylindrical => &["angle", "distance"],
+            JointKind::Planar => &["x", "y", "angle"],
+            JointKind::Ball => &["rx", "ry", "rz"],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A joint: `b`'s frame held to `a`'s.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Joint {
+    pub kind: JointKind,
+    pub a: Marker,
+    pub b: Marker,
+}
+
+/// A force element.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum Force {
+    /// A linear spring and damper between two points: the tension is
+    /// `stiffness·(length − free_length) + damping·(rate of length) + preload`.
+    Spring {
+        a: Anchor,
+        b: Anchor,
+        /// kg/s² (= N/m = mN/mm), ≥ 0.
+        stiffness: f64,
+        /// kg/s (= N·s/m), ≥ 0.
+        damping: f64,
+        /// mm, ≥ 0.
+        free_length: f64,
+        /// mN, tension at free length.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        preload: f64,
+    },
+    /// A constant force (world, mN) at a point of a body, and a constant torque (world, mN·mm).
+    Load {
+        body: usize,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        point: Vec3,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        force: Vec3,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        torque: Vec3,
+    },
+}
+
+/// How the equations are stepped in time.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum Integrator {
+    /// Classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta with a fixed step (s).
+    Rk4 { step: f64 },
+    /// Dormand–Prince 5(4) with error control: steps between `min_step` and `max_step` (s)
+    /// keep the local error under `abs_tol + rel_tol·|y|`.
+    Adaptive { rel_tol: f64, abs_tol: f64, min_step: f64, max_step: f64 },
+}
+
+/// A run's settings.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Settings {
+    /// Simulated time (s), > 0.
+    pub duration: f64,
+    /// Time between output samples (s), > 0; the integrator lands on every sample.
+    pub output_interval: f64,
+    pub integrator: Integrator,
+    /// Project positions and velocities back onto the joints after every step (on by default).
+    #[serde(default = "yes")]
+    pub projection: bool,
+    /// The constraint error (mm, or radians times mm for directions) projection reaches.
+    #[serde(default = "default_projection_tol")]
+    pub projection_tol: f64,
+    /// Baumgarte stabilisation `(α, β)` (1/s): the constraint accelerations become
+    /// `Φ̈ + 2αΦ̇ + β²Φ = 0`. Off by default (projection keeps the joints).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub baumgarte: Option<(f64, f64)>,
+}
+
+fn yes() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+fn default_projection_tol() -> f64 {
+    1e-10
+}
+
+impl Settings {
+    /// Fixed-step RK4 settings.
+    pub fn rk4(duration: f64, step: f64, output_interval: f64) -> Settings {
+        Settings {
+            duration,
+            output_interval,
+            integrator: Integrator::Rk4 { step },
+            projection: true,
+            projection_tol: default_projection_tol(),
+            baumgarte: None,
+        }
+    }
+    /// Adaptive settings with the given relative and absolute tolerances.
+    pub fn adaptive(duration: f64, output_interval: f64, rel_tol: f64, abs_tol: f64) -> Settings {
+        Settings {
+            duration,
+            output_interval,
+            integrator: Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol, abs_tol, min_step: 1e-9, max_step: output_interval },
+            projection: true,
+            projection_tol: default_projection_tol(),
+            baumgarte: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A multibody system.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Model {
+    pub bodies: Vec<Body>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub joints: Vec<Joint>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub forces: Vec<Force>,
+    /// Gravity (mm/s²), e.g. `(0, 0, −9806.65)`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gravity: Vec3,
+}
+
+/// Standard gravity (mm/s²).
+pub const STANDARD_GRAVITY: f64 = 9806.65;
+
+fn finite_vec(v: Vec3) -> bool {
+    v.is_finite() && v.x.abs() < MAX_MAGNITUDE && v.y.abs() < MAX_MAGNITUDE && v.z.abs() < MAX_MAGNITUDE
+}
+
+fn bad(what: String) -> DynamicsError {
+    DynamicsError::InvalidModel(what)
+}
+
+/// A marker's axes in its body's coordinates (columns x, y, z), from its `z` and `x`.
+pub(crate) fn marker_axes(m: &Marker) -> Option<Mat3> {
+    let z = m.z.normalized()?;
+    let x = (m.x - z * m.x.dot(z)).normalized()?;
+    let y = z.cross(x).normalized()?;
+    Some(Mat3::from_cols(x, y, z))
+}
+
+impl Model {
+    /// Checks every number and reference, and the caps. Called by [`crate::simulate`].
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.bodies.is_empty() {
+            return Err(bad("no bodies".into()));
+        }
+        if self.bodies.len() > MAX_BODIES {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{} bodies (at most {MAX_BODIES})", self.bodies.len())));
+        }
+        if self.joints.len() > MAX_JOINTS {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{} joints (at most {MAX_JOINTS})", self.joints.len())));
+        }
+        if self.forces.len() > MAX_FORCES {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{} force elements (at most {MAX_FORCES})", self.forces.len())));
+        }
+        let rows: usize = self.joints.iter().map(|j| j.kind.equations()).sum();
+        if rows > MAX_CONSTRAINT_ROWS {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{rows} constraint equations (at most {MAX_CONSTRAINT_ROWS})")));
+        }
+        if !finite_vec(self.gravity) {
+            return Err(bad("gravity is not a finite vector".into()));
+        }
+        for (i, b) in self.bodies.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !(b.mass > 0.0) || !(b.mass < MAX_MAGNITUDE) {
+                return Err(bad(format!("body {i}: mass must be positive and finite")));
+            }
+            if b.inertia.spd_inverse().is_none() {
+                return Err(bad(format!("body {i}: inertia must be symmetric positive definite")));
+            }
+            if !finite_vec(b.position) || !finite_vec(b.velocity) || !finite_vec(b.angular_velocity) {
+                return Err(bad(format!("body {i}: position and velocities must be finite")));
+            }
+            if b.orientation.normalized().is_none() {
+                return Err(bad(format!("body {i}: orientation is not a rotation")));
+            }
+        }
+        let body_ok = |b: Option<usize>| b.is_none_or(|b| b < self.bodies.len());
+        for (i, j) in self.joints.iter().enumerate() {
+            for m in [&j.a, &j.b] {
+                if !body_ok(m.body) {
+                    return Err(bad(format!("joint {i}: no body {}", m.body.unwrap_or(0))));
+                }
+                if !finite_vec(m.origin) || marker_axes(m).is_none() {
+                    return Err(bad(format!("joint {i}: a frame's origin or axes are not usable")));
+                }
+            }
+            if j.a.body == j.b.body {
+                return Err(bad(format!("joint {i}: both frames are on the same body")));
+            }
+        }
+        for (i, f) in self.forces.iter().enumerate() {
+            match f {
+                Force::Spring { a, b, stiffness, damping, free_length, preload } => {
+                    if !body_ok(a.body) || !body_ok(b.body) {
+                        return Err(bad(format!("force {i}: no such body")));
+                    }
+                    if !finite_vec(a.point) || !finite_vec(b.point) {
+                        return Err(bad(format!("force {i}: anchor points must be finite")));
+                    }
+                    let ok = |x: f64| (0.0..MAX_MAGNITUDE).contains(&x);
+                    if !ok(*stiffness) || !ok(*damping) || !ok(*free_length) || !preload.is_finite() || preload.abs() >= MAX_MAGNITUDE {
+                        return Err(bad(format!("force {i}: stiffness, damping and free length must be ≥ 0 and finite")));
+                    }
+                }
+                Force::Load { body, point, force, torque } => {
+                    if *body >= self.bodies.len() {
+                        return Err(bad(format!("force {i}: no body {body}")));
+                    }
+                    if !finite_vec(*point) || !finite_vec(*force) || !finite_vec(*torque) {
+                        return Err(bad(format!("force {i}: point, force and torque must be finite")));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Settings {
+    /// Checks the times, tolerances and that the run fits the step and sample caps.
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let pos = |x: f64| x > 0.0 && x < MAX_MAGNITUDE;
+        if !pos(self.duration) || !pos(self.output_interval) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::InvalidSettings("duration and output interval must be positive and finite".into()));
+        }
+        let samples = (self.duration / self.output_interval).ceil();
+        if !(samples < MAX_SAMPLES as f64) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{samples} output samples (at most {MAX_SAMPLES})")));
+        }
+        if !pos(self.projection_tol) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::InvalidSettings("projection tolerance must be positive".into()));
+        }
+        if let Some((a, b)) = self.baumgarte
+            && (!(0.0..MAX_MAGNITUDE).contains(&a) || !(0.0..MAX_MAGNITUDE).contains(&b))
+        {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::InvalidSettings("Baumgarte terms must be ≥ 0 and finite".into()));
+        }
+        match self.integrator {
+            Integrator::Rk4 { step } => {
+                if !pos(step) {
+                    return Err(DynamicsError::InvalidSettings("step must be positive".into()));
+                }
+                let steps = (self.duration / step.min(self.output_interval)).ceil();
+                if !(steps < MAX_STEPS as f64) {
+                    return Err(DynamicsError::TooLarge(format!("{steps} steps (at most {MAX_STEPS})")));
+                }
+            }
+            Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol, abs_tol, min_step, max_step } => {
+                if !pos(rel_tol) || !pos(abs_tol) || !pos(min_step) || !pos(max_step) || min_step > max_step {
+                    return Err(DynamicsError::InvalidSettings("tolerances and step bounds must be positive, min ≤ max".into()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/dynamics/src/system.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+//! The equations of motion: body states, joint constraint equations with their Jacobians,
+//! applied forces, the constrained accelerations and the projections back onto the joints.
+//!
+//! Bodies use maximal coordinates: centre-of-mass position `x`, unit quaternion `q`, velocity
+//! `v` and angular velocity `ω` (both world). With `u = (v, ω)` per body, mass matrix
+//! `M = diag(m·I₃, I_w)` (`I_w = R I_body Rᵀ`), joint equations `Φ(x, q) = 0`, their Jacobian
+//! `J` (`Φ̇ = J u`) and `γ = −J̇ u`, the accelerations solve
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! M u̇ + Jᵀ λ = F − ω × I_w ω,      J u̇ = γ
+//! ```
+//!
+//! through the Schur complement `(J M⁻¹ Jᵀ) λ = J M⁻¹ F − γ` (`linalg::solve_psd`, which takes
+//! repeated joint equations), and `λ` gives the joints' reactions.
+
+use solidcore_record::Vec3;
+use solidcraft_geom::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::linalg::{Sym, solve_psd};
+use crate::math::{Mat3, Quat, cross2};
+use crate::model::{Force, JointKind, MAX_MAGNITUDE, MAX_PROJECTION_ITERATIONS, Model, marker_axes};
+use crate::{BodyState, DynamicsError, Energy, JointResult, Result};
+
+/// Numbers per body in the flat state: x (3), q (4), v (3), ω (3).
+pub(crate) const STRIDE: usize = 13;
+
+/// Pivots under this fraction of the largest are taken as repeated equations.
+const RANK_TOL: f64 = 1e-10;
+
+fn v3(y: &[f64], at: usize) -> Vec3 {
+    let g = |i: usize| y.get(at + i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+    Vec3::new(g(0), g(1), g(2))
+}
+fn put3(y: &mut [f64], at: usize, v: Vec3) {
+    for (i, c) in [v.x, v.y, v.z].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(s) = y.get_mut(at + i) {
+            *s = c;
+        }
+    }
+}
+fn quat(y: &[f64], at: usize) -> Quat {
+    let g = |i: usize| y.get(at + i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+    Quat { w: g(0), x: g(1), y: g(2), z: g(3) }
+}
+fn put_quat(y: &mut [f64], at: usize, q: Quat) {
+    for (i, c) in [q.w, q.x, q.y, q.z].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(s) = y.get_mut(at + i) {
+            *s = c;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One body's precomputed constants.
+struct BodyConst {
+    mass: f64,
+    inertia: Mat3,
+    inertia_inv: Mat3,
+}
+
+/// A joint frame: its body, origin and axes in the body's coordinates.
+struct MarkerConst {
+    body: Option<usize>,
+    origin: Vec3,
+    axes: Mat3,
+}
+
+struct JointConst {
+    kind: JointKind,
+    a: MarkerConst,
+    b: MarkerConst,
+}
+
+/// A body's kinematics at one state.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Kin {
+    x: Vec3,
+    rot: Mat3,
+    v: Vec3,
+    w: Vec3,
+}
+
+const GROUND: Kin = Kin { x: Vec3::ZERO, rot: Mat3::IDENTITY, v: Vec3::ZERO, w: Vec3::ZERO };
+
+/// A joint frame at one state (world).
+struct MarkerWorld {
+    body: Option<usize>,
+    /// Origin minus the body's centre of mass.
+    r: Vec3,
+    /// Origin.
+    p: Vec3,
+    /// Velocity of the origin.
+    pdot: Vec3,
+    axes: [Vec3; 3],
+    w: Vec3,
+}
+
+/// A body's part of one Jacobian row: (linear, angular).
+type Block = (usize, Vec3, Vec3);
+
+/// One constraint equation at a state.
+pub(crate) struct Row {
+    a: Option<Block>,
+    b: Option<Block>,
+    pub(crate) phi: f64,
+    /// `J̇ u`: the equation's second derivative at zero accelerations.
+    jdot_u: f64,
+}
+
+impl Row {
+    fn blocks(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Block> {
+        self.a.iter().chain(self.b.iter())
+    }
+    /// `J u`.
+    fn rate(&self, kin: &[Kin]) -> f64 {
+        self.blocks().map(|(i, l, a)| kin.get(*i).map_or(0.0, |k| l.dot(k.v) + a.dot(k.w))).sum()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A model ready to integrate.
+pub(crate) struct System {
+    bodies: Vec<BodyConst>,
+    joints: Vec<JointConst>,
+    forces: Vec<Force>,
+    gravity: Vec3,
+    baumgarte: Option<(f64, f64)>,
+}
+
+/// Accelerations and multipliers at one state.
+pub(crate) struct Accel {
+    /// The flat state's derivative.
+    pub(crate) ydot: Vec<f64>,
+    /// One multiplier per constraint row, in joint order.
+    lambda: Vec<f64>,
+    rows: Vec<Row>,
+    /// The rank of `J M⁻¹ Jᵀ`.
+    pub(crate) rank: usize,
+}
+
+impl Accel {
+    /// The number of joint equations.
+    pub(crate) fn row_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.rows.len()
+    }
+}
+
+fn marker_const(m: &crate::Marker) -> Result<MarkerConst> {
+    let axes = marker_axes(m).ok_or_else(|| DynamicsError::InvalidModel("a joint frame's axes are not usable".into()))?;
+    Ok(MarkerConst { body: m.body, origin: m.origin, axes })
+}
+
+impl System {
+    pub(crate) fn new(model: &Model, baumgarte: Option<(f64, f64)>) -> Result<System> {
+        model.validate()?;
+        let bodies = model
+            .bodies
+            .iter()
+            .map(|b| {
+                let inertia_inv = b.inertia.spd_inverse().ok_or_else(|| DynamicsError::InvalidModel("inertia is not positive definite".into()))?;
+                Ok(BodyConst { mass: b.mass, inertia: b.inertia, inertia_inv })
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let joints = model
+            .joints
+            .iter()
+            .map(|j| Ok(JointConst { kind: j.kind, a: marker_const(&j.a)?, b: marker_const(&j.b)? }))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        Ok(System { bodies, joints, forces: model.forces.clone(), gravity: model.gravity, baumgarte })
+    }
+
+    /// The flat state of the model's starting conditions.
+    pub(crate) fn initial_state(model: &Model) -> Result<Vec<f64>> {
+        let mut y = vec![0.0; model.bodies.len() * STRIDE];
+        for (i, b) in model.bodies.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = i * STRIDE;
+            let q = b.orientation.normalized().ok_or_else(|| DynamicsError::InvalidModel(format!("body {i}: orientation is not a rotation")))?;
+            put3(&mut y, at, b.position);
+            put_quat(&mut y, at + 3, q);
+            put3(&mut y, at + 7, b.velocity);
+            put3(&mut y, at + 10, b.angular_velocity);
+        }
+        Ok(y)
+    }
+
+    /// Unit quaternions again after a step.
+    pub(crate) fn normalize(&self, y: &mut [f64]) -> Result<()> {
+        for i in 0..self.bodies.len() {
+            let q = quat(y, i * STRIDE + 3).normalized().ok_or(DynamicsError::Diverged { time: f64::NAN })?;
+            put_quat(y, i * STRIDE + 3, q);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn kinematics(&self, y: &[f64]) -> Vec<Kin> {
+        (0..self.bodies.len())
+            .map(|i| {
+                let at = i * STRIDE;
+                Kin { x: v3(y, at), rot: quat(y, at + 3).to_mat3(), v: v3(y, at + 7), w: v3(y, at + 10) }
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn kin_of(kin: &[Kin], body: Option<usize>) -> Kin {
+        body.and_then(|b| kin.get(b).copied()).unwrap_or(GROUND)
+    }
+
+    fn marker_world(kin: &[Kin], m: &MarkerConst) -> MarkerWorld {
+        let k = Self::kin_of(kin, m.body);
+        let r = k.rot.mul_vec(m.origin);
+        let axes = [k.rot.mul_vec(m.axes.col(0)), k.rot.mul_vec(m.axes.col(1)), k.rot.mul_vec(m.axes.col(2))];
+        MarkerWorld { body: m.body, r, p: k.x + r, pdot: k.v + k.w.cross(r), axes, w: k.w }
+    }
+
+    /// The constraint equations of every joint at `kin`, in joint order.
+    fn rows(&self, kin: &[Kin]) -> Vec<Row> {
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        for j in &self.joints {
+            let a = Self::marker_world(kin, &j.a);
+            let b = Self::marker_world(kin, &j.b);
+            joint_rows(j.kind, &a, &b, &mut rows);
+        }
+        rows
+    }
+
+    /// `M⁻¹` applied to one body's (force, torque).
+    fn minv(&self, kin: &[Kin], body: usize, f: Vec3, t: Vec3) -> (Vec3, Vec3) {
+        match (self.bodies.get(body), kin.get(body)) {
+            (Some(b), Some(k)) => {
+                let iw_inv = k.rot.mul(&b.inertia_inv).mul(&k.rot.transpose());
+                (f * (1.0 / b.mass), iw_inv.mul_vec(t))
+            }
+            _ => (Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ZERO),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `J M⁻¹ Jᵀ`, and each row's `M⁻¹ Jᵀ` blocks.
+    fn schur(&self, kin: &[Kin], rows: &[Row]) -> (Sym, Vec<Vec<Block>>) {
+        let w: Vec<Vec<Block>> = rows
+            .iter()
+            .map(|r| {
+                r.blocks()
+                    .map(|(i, l, a)| {
+                        let (ml, ma) = self.minv(kin, *i, *l, *a);
+                        (*i, ml, ma)
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let n = rows.len();
+        let mut s = Sym::zeros(n);
+        for (r, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (c, wc) in w.iter().enumerate().skip(r) {
+                let mut sum = 0.0;
+                for (i, l, a) in row.blocks() {
+                    for (k, ml, ma) in wc {
+                        if i == k {
+                            sum += l.dot(*ml) + a.dot(*ma);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                s.set(r, c, sum);
+                s.set(c, r, sum);
+            }
+        }
+        (s, w)
+    }
+
+    /// Applied forces and torques (about each centre of mass, world), gyroscopic terms included.
+    fn applied(&self, kin: &[Kin]) -> Vec<(Vec3, Vec3)> {
+        let mut out: Vec<(Vec3, Vec3)> = self
+            .bodies
+            .iter()
+            .zip(kin)
+            .map(|(b, k)| {
+                let iw = k.rot.mul(&b.inertia).mul(&k.rot.transpose());
+                (self.gravity * b.mass, -k.w.cross(iw.mul_vec(k.w)))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let mut add = |body: Option<usize>, r: Vec3, f: Vec3, t: Vec3| {
+            if let Some(slot) = body.and_then(|b| out.get_mut(b)) {
+                slot.0 += f;
+                slot.1 += r.cross(f) + t;
+            }
+        };
+        for f in &self.forces {
+            match *f {
+                Force::Spring { a, b, stiffness, damping, free_length, preload } => {
+                    let (ka, kb) = (Self::kin_of(kin, a.body), Self::kin_of(kin, b.body));
+                    let (ra, rb) = (ka.rot.mul_vec(a.point), kb.rot.mul_vec(b.point));
+                    let d = (kb.x + rb) - (ka.x + ra);
+                    let len = d.len();
+                    let Some(n) = d.normalized().filter(|_| len > 1e-9) else { continue };
+                    let rate = n.dot((kb.v + kb.w.cross(rb)) - (ka.v + ka.w.cross(ra)));
+                    let tension = stiffness * (len - free_length) + damping * rate + preload;
+                    add(a.body, ra, n * tension, Vec3::ZERO);
+                    add(b.body, rb, n * -tension, Vec3::ZERO);
+                }
+                Force::Load { body, point, force, torque } => {
+                    let r = kin.get(body).map_or(Vec3::ZERO, |k| k.rot.mul_vec(point));
+                    add(Some(body), r, force, torque);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The state's derivative and the joints' multipliers.
+    pub(crate) fn accelerations(&self, y: &[f64]) -> Result<Accel> {
+        let kin = self.kinematics(y);
+        let applied = self.applied(&kin);
+        let rows = self.rows(&kin);
+        let (s, w) = self.schur(&kin, &rows);
+        // Unconstrained accelerations M⁻¹F.
+        let free: Vec<(Vec3, Vec3)> = applied.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, (f, t))| self.minv(&kin, i, *f, *t)).collect();
+        let rhs: Vec<f64> = rows
+            .iter()
+            .map(|r| {
+                let jmf: f64 = r.blocks().map(|(i, l, a)| free.get(*i).map_or(0.0, |(fl, fa)| l.dot(*fl) + a.dot(*fa))).sum();
+                let stab = self.baumgarte.map_or(0.0, |(alpha, beta)| 2.0 * alpha * r.rate(&kin) + beta * beta * r.phi);
+                jmf + r.jdot_u + stab
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let (lambda, rank) =
+            if rows.is_empty() { (Vec::new(), 0) } else { solve_psd(s, &rhs, RANK_TOL).ok_or(DynamicsError::Singular { time: f64::NAN })? };
+        let mut acc = free;
+        for (wr, l) in w.iter().zip(&lambda) {
+            for (i, ml, ma) in wr {
+                if let Some(a) = acc.get_mut(*i) {
+                    a.0 -= *ml * *l;
+                    a.1 -= *ma * *l;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let mut ydot = vec![0.0; y.len()];
+        for (i, (k, a)) in kin.iter().zip(&acc).enumerate() {
+            let at = i * STRIDE;
+            put3(&mut ydot, at, k.v);
+            put_quat(&mut ydot, at + 3, quat(y, at + 3).rate(k.w));
+            put3(&mut ydot, at + 7, a.0);
+            put3(&mut ydot, at + 10, a.1);
+        }
+        if !ydot.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite()) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::Diverged { time: f64::NAN });
+        }
+        Ok(Accel { ydot, lambda, rows, rank })
+    }
+
+    /// The largest joint equation error at `y`.
+    pub(crate) fn constraint_error(&self, y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+        self.rows(&self.kinematics(y)).iter().map(|r| r.phi.abs()).fold(0.0, f64::max)
+    }
+
+    /// Moves the bodies the least (mass-weighted) onto the joints: Gauss–Newton on `Φ = 0`.
+    /// Returns the error left.
+    pub(crate) fn project_positions(&self, y: &mut [f64], tol: f64) -> Result<f64> {
+        let mut err;
+        let mut iteration = 0;
+        loop {
+            let kin = self.kinematics(y);
+            let rows = self.rows(&kin);
+            err = rows.iter().map(|r| r.phi.abs()).fold(0.0, f64::max);
+            if !(err > tol) || iteration >= MAX_PROJECTION_ITERATIONS {
+                break;
+            }
+            iteration += 1;
+            let (s, w) = self.schur(&kin, &rows);
+            let phi: Vec<f64> = rows.iter().map(|r| r.phi).collect();
+            let (mu, _) = solve_psd(s, &phi, RANK_TOL).ok_or(DynamicsError::Singular { time: f64::NAN })?;
+            let mut delta = vec![(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ZERO); self.bodies.len()];
+            for (wr, m) in w.iter().zip(&mu) {
+                for (i, ml, ma) in wr {
+                    if let Some(d) = delta.get_mut(*i) {
+                        d.0 -= *ml * *m;
+                        d.1 -= *ma * *m;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (i, (dx, dth)) in delta.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let at = i * STRIDE;
+                put3(y, at, v3(y, at) + dx);
+                let q = Quat::from_rotation_vector(dth).compose(quat(y, at + 3)).normalized().ok_or(DynamicsError::Diverged { time: f64::NAN })?;
+                put_quat(y, at + 3, q);
+            }
+        }
+        if !err.is_finite() || !y.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite() && x.abs() < MAX_MAGNITUDE) {
+            return Err(DynamicsError::Diverged { time: f64::NAN });
+        }
+        Ok(err)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the velocities the joints don't allow (mass-weighted): `J u = 0`.
+    pub(crate) fn project_velocities(&self, y: &mut [f64]) -> Result<()> {
+        let kin = self.kinematics(y);
+        let rows = self.rows(&kin);
+        if rows.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let (s, w) = self.schur(&kin, &rows);
+        let ju: Vec<f64> = rows.iter().map(|r| r.rate(&kin)).collect();
+        let (mu, _) = solve_psd(s, &ju, RANK_TOL).ok_or(DynamicsError::Singular { time: f64::NAN })?;
+        for (wr, m) in w.iter().zip(&mu) {
+            for (i, ml, ma) in wr {
+                let at = i * STRIDE;
+                put3(y, at + 7, v3(y, at + 7) - *ml * *m);
+                put3(y, at + 10, v3(y, at + 10) - *ma * *m);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The bodies' states.
+    pub(crate) fn body_states(&self, y: &[f64]) -> Vec<BodyState> {
+        (0..self.bodies.len())
+            .map(|i| {
+                let at = i * STRIDE;
+                BodyState { position: v3(y, at), orientation: quat(y, at + 3), velocity: v3(y, at + 7), angular_velocity: v3(y, at + 10) }
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Kinetic, gravity and spring energy.
+    pub(crate) fn energy(&self, y: &[f64]) -> Energy {
+        let kin = self.kinematics(y);
+        let mut e = Energy::default();
+        for (b, k) in self.bodies.iter().zip(&kin) {
+            let iw = k.rot.mul(&b.inertia).mul(&k.rot.transpose());
+            e.kinetic += 0.5 * b.mass * k.v.len2() + 0.5 * k.w.dot(iw.mul_vec(k.w));
+            e.gravity -= b.mass * self.gravity.dot(k.x);
+        }
+        for f in &self.forces {
+            if let Force::Spring { a, b, stiffness, free_length, preload, .. } = *f {
+                let (ka, kb) = (Self::kin_of(&kin, a.body), Self::kin_of(&kin, b.body));
+                let stretch = ((kb.x + kb.rot.mul_vec(b.point)) - (ka.x + ka.rot.mul_vec(a.point))).len() - free_length;
+                e.spring += 0.5 * stiffness * stretch * stretch + preload * stretch;
+            }
+        }
+        e
+    }
+
+    /// Each joint's values, rates and reaction (on `b`'s side, at its frame's origin, world),
+    /// from the multipliers `acc` found at `y`.
+    pub(crate) fn joint_results(&self, y: &[f64], acc: &Accel) -> Vec<JointResult> {
+        let kin = self.kinematics(y);
+        let mut at = 0;
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(self.joints.len());
+        for j in &self.joints {
+            let a = Self::marker_world(&kin, &j.a);
+            let b = Self::marker_world(&kin, &j.b);
+            let (values, rates) = joint_values(j.kind, &a, &b);
+            let n = j.kind.equations();
+            // The wrench the joint's equations put on each body: −Jᵀλ.
+            let (mut fa, mut ta, mut fb, mut tb) = (Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ZERO);
+            for k in at..at + n {
+                let (Some(row), Some(l)) = (acc.rows.get(k), acc.lambda.get(k)) else { continue };
+                if let Some((_, lin, ang)) = row.a {
+                    fa -= lin * *l;
+                    ta -= ang * *l;
+                }
+                if let Some((_, lin, ang)) = row.b {
+                    fb -= lin * *l;
+                    tb -= ang * *l;
+                }
+            }
+            at += n;
+            let (force, torque) = if b.body.is_some() {
+                (fb, tb - b.r.cross(fb))
+            } else {
+                // B is the ground: it takes what A takes, turned round, about B's origin.
+                let xa = Self::kin_of(&kin, a.body).x;
+                (-fa, -(ta + (xa - b.p).cross(fa)))
+            };
+            out.push(JointResult { values, rates, force, torque });
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+/// `(Φ, J, J̇u)` for one body point's world component along `e`: `e·(p_B − p_A)`.
+fn point_row(a: &MarkerWorld, b: &MarkerWorld, e: Vec3) -> Row {
+    let acc = |m: &MarkerWorld| cross2(m.w, m.r);
+    Row { a: a.body.map(|i| (i, -e, -a.r.cross(e))), b: b.body.map(|i| (i, e, b.r.cross(e))), phi: e.dot(b.p - a.p), jdot_u: e.dot(acc(b) - acc(a)) }
+}
+
+/// `u·v = 0` for a direction `u` of A and `v` of B.
+fn dot1_row(a: &MarkerWorld, u: Vec3, b: &MarkerWorld, v: Vec3) -> Row {
+    let (ud, vd) = (a.w.cross(u), b.w.cross(v));
+    let (udd, vdd) = (cross2(a.w, u), cross2(b.w, v));
+    Row {
+        a: a.body.map(|i| (i, Vec3::ZERO, u.cross(v))),
+        b: b.body.map(|i| (i, Vec3::ZERO, v.cross(u))),
+        phi: u.dot(v),
+        jdot_u: udd.dot(v) + 2.0 * ud.dot(vd) + u.dot(vdd),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `d·u = 0` for `d = p_B − p_A` and a direction `u` of A.
+fn dot2_row(a: &MarkerWorld, u: Vec3, b: &MarkerWorld) -> Row {
+    let d = b.p - a.p;
+    let dd = b.pdot - a.pdot;
+    let ddd = cross2(b.w, b.r) - cross2(a.w, a.r);
+    let (ud, udd) = (a.w.cross(u), cross2(a.w, u));
+    Row {
+        a: a.body.map(|i| (i, -u, u.cross(d) - a.r.cross(u))),
+        b: b.body.map(|i| (i, u, b.r.cross(u))),
+        phi: d.dot(u),
+        jdot_u: ddd.dot(u) + 2.0 * dd.dot(ud) + d.dot(udd),
+    }
+}
+
+fn joint_rows(kind: JointKind, a: &MarkerWorld, b: &MarkerWorld, rows: &mut Vec<Row>) {
+    let [ax, ay, az] = a.axes;
+    let [bx, by, bz] = b.axes;
+    let point = |rows: &mut Vec<Row>| rows.extend([Vec3::X, Vec3::Y, Vec3::Z].map(|e| point_row(a, b, e)));
+    match kind {
+        JointKind::Rigid => {
+            point(rows);
+            rows.extend([dot1_row(a, ay, b, bz), dot1_row(a, az, b, bx), dot1_row(a, ax, b, by)]);
+        }
+        JointKind::Revolute => {
+            point(rows);
+            rows.extend([dot1_row(a, ax, b, bz), dot1_row(a, ay, b, bz)]);
+        }
+        JointKind::Ball => point(rows),
+        JointKind::Cylindrical => {
+            rows.extend([dot2_row(a, ax, b), dot2_row(a, ay, b), dot1_row(a, ax, b, bz), dot1_row(a, ay, b, bz)]);
+        }
+        JointKind::Slider => {
+            rows.extend([dot2_row(a, ax, b), dot2_row(a, ay, b), dot1_row(a, ax, b, bz), dot1_row(a, ay, b, bz), dot1_row(a, ax, b, by)]);
+        }
+        JointKind::Planar => {
+            rows.extend([dot2_row(a, az, b), dot1_row(a, az, b, bx), dot1_row(a, az, b, by)]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A joint's values and their rates (see [`JointKind::values`]).
+fn joint_values(kind: JointKind, a: &MarkerWorld, b: &MarkerWorld) -> (Vec<f64>, Vec<f64>) {
+    let [ax, ay, az] = a.axes;
+    let bx = b.axes[0];
+    let d = b.p - a.p;
+    let dd = b.pdot - a.pdot;
+    let angle = || bx.dot(ay).atan2(bx.dot(ax));
+    let spin = || (b.w - a.w).dot(az);
+    let along = |u: Vec3| (d.dot(u), dd.dot(u) + d.dot(a.w.cross(u)));
+    match kind {
+        JointKind::Rigid => (vec![], vec![]),
+        JointKind::Revolute => (vec![angle()], vec![spin()]),
+        JointKind::Slider => {
+            let (s, r) = along(az);
+            (vec![s], vec![r])
+        }
+        JointKind::Cylindrical => {
+            let (s, r) = along(az);
+            (vec![angle(), s], vec![spin(), r])
+        }
+        JointKind::Planar => {
+            let ((x, xr), (y, yr)) = (along(ax), along(ay));
+            (vec![x, y, angle()], vec![xr, yr, spin()])
+        }
+        JointKind::Ball => {
+            // B's turn from A as a rotation vector in A's frame, and the relative angular
+            // velocity in A's frame.
+            let am = Mat3::from_cols(ax, ay, az);
+            let rel = am.transpose().mul(&Mat3::from_cols(b.axes[0], b.axes[1], b.axes[2]));
+            let rv = Quat::from_mat3(&rel).map_or(Vec3::ZERO, Quat::rotation_vector);
+            let w = am.transpose().mul_vec(b.w - a.w);
+            (vec![rv.x, rv.y, rv.z], vec![w.x, w.y, w.z])
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod testing {
+    //! Finite-difference checks of the Jacobians and `J̇u` (tests only).
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// `(Φ, J u, J̇ u)` of every row at `y`.
+    pub(crate) fn rows_at(sys: &System, y: &[f64]) -> Vec<(f64, f64, f64)> {
+        let kin = sys.kinematics(y);
+        sys.rows(&kin).iter().map(|r| (r.phi, r.rate(&kin), r.jdot_u)).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The state moved along its velocities for `h` (positions and orientations only).
+    pub(crate) fn drift(sys: &System, y: &[f64], h: f64) -> Vec<f64> {
+        let mut out = y.to_vec();
+        let kin = sys.kinematics(y);
+        for (i, k) in kin.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = i * STRIDE;
+            put3(&mut out, at, k.x + k.v * h);
+            let q = Quat::from_rotation_vector(k.w * h).compose(quat(y, at + 3));
+            put_quat(&mut out, at + 3, q);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}

crates/dynamics/src/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+//! Analytic checks: free fall, pendulum periods, spring-mass oscillation, energy and momentum
+//! conservation, slider-crank kinematics, joint reactions, Jacobians against finite
+//! differences, and hostile input.
+
+use std::f64::consts::{PI, TAU};
+
+use solidcore_record::Vec3;
+use solidcraft_geom::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::system::{System, testing};
+use crate::*;
+
+const G: f64 = STANDARD_GRAVITY;
+
+fn down() -> Vec3 {
+    Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -G)
+}
+
+fn ok<T>(r: Result<T>) -> T {
+    match r {
+        Ok(v) => v,
+        Err(e) => panic!("simulation failed: {e}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A body hanging `len` mm under a hinge at the origin turning about Y, at angle `theta` from
+/// straight down (towards +X) and turning at `omega`.
+fn pendulum(len: f64, theta: f64, omega: f64, inertia: f64) -> Model {
+    let dir = Vec3::new(theta.sin(), 0.0, -theta.cos());
+    // Turning about +Y takes −Z towards −X; the hinge's own Y axis is the world's.
+    let rot = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Y, -theta);
+    let mut body = Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(inertia, inertia, inertia), dir * len);
+    body.orientation = rot;
+    body.angular_velocity = Vec3::Y * -omega;
+    body.velocity = (Vec3::Y * -omega).cross(dir * len);
+    let joint = Joint {
+        kind: JointKind::Revolute,
+        a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+        b: Marker::new(Some(0), Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, len), Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+    };
+    Model { bodies: vec![body], joints: vec![joint], forces: vec![], gravity: down() }
+}
+
+/// Times where `f` crosses zero upwards, linearly interpolated between samples.
+fn upward_crossings(traj: &Trajectory, f: impl Fn(&Sample) -> f64) -> Vec<f64> {
+    traj.samples
+        .windows(2)
+        .filter_map(|w| {
+            let (a, b) = (w.first()?, w.get(1)?);
+            let (fa, fb) = (f(a), f(b));
+            (fa < 0.0 && fb >= 0.0).then(|| a.time + (b.time - a.time) * fa / (fa - fb))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn mean_period(crossings: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    assert!(crossings.len() >= 3, "too few crossings: {crossings:?}");
+    let (first, last) = (crossings.first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0), crossings.last().copied().unwrap_or(0.0));
+    (last - first) / (crossings.len() - 1) as f64
+}
+
+fn angle_of(s: &Sample) -> f64 {
+    s.joints.first().and_then(|j| j.values.first()).copied().unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn free_fall_follows_the_parabola() {
+    let mut body = Body::at_rest(2.5, Vec3::new(10.0, 20.0, 30.0), Vec3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
+    body.velocity = Vec3::new(10.0, -5.0, 50.0);
+    body.angular_velocity = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let model = Model { bodies: vec![body.clone()], joints: vec![], forces: vec![], gravity: down() };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(1.0, 0.01, 0.1)));
+    assert_eq!(traj.samples.len(), 11);
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        let t = s.time;
+        let expect = body.position + body.velocity * t + down() * (0.5 * t * t);
+        let got = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.position).unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO);
+        assert!(got.dist(expect) < 1e-7, "t={t}: {got:?} vs {expect:?}");
+        // A symmetric body spinning about z keeps spinning.
+        let w = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.angular_velocity).unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO);
+        assert!(w.dist(Vec3::Z) < 1e-12);
+        // Energy is conserved exactly enough.
+        let e0 = traj.samples.first().map(|s| s.energy.total()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+        assert!((s.energy.total() - e0).abs() < 1e-6 * e0.abs().max(1.0));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pendulum_small_angle_period() {
+    let (len, inertia) = (100.0, 40.0);
+    let i_pivot = inertia + len * len;
+    let period = TAU * (i_pivot / (G * len)).sqrt();
+    let amplitude = 0.01;
+    let model = pendulum(len, 0.0, amplitude * TAU / period, inertia);
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(3.0, 1e-3, 1e-3)));
+    let measured = mean_period(&upward_crossings(&traj, angle_of));
+    // The finite amplitude lengthens the period by about θ²/16 (6e-6 here).
+    assert!((measured - period).abs() < 1e-4 * period, "period {measured} vs {period}");
+    assert!(traj.stats.max_constraint_error < 1e-9, "{:?}", traj.stats);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn adaptive_integration_matches_the_pendulum_period() {
+    let (len, inertia) = (100.0, 40.0);
+    let period = TAU * ((inertia + len * len) / (G * len)).sqrt();
+    let model = pendulum(len, 0.0, 0.01 * TAU / period, inertia);
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::adaptive(3.0, 1e-3, 1e-9, 1e-9)));
+    let measured = mean_period(&upward_crossings(&traj, angle_of));
+    assert!((measured - period).abs() < 1e-4 * period, "period {measured} vs {period}");
+    // Larger tolerances take fewer steps than samples (the output still lands on each).
+    let coarse = Settings {
+        integrator: Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol: 1e-6, abs_tol: 1e-6, min_step: 1e-9, max_step: 0.05 },
+        ..Settings::rk4(3.0, 1.0, 0.05)
+    };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &coarse));
+    assert_eq!(traj.samples.len(), 61);
+    let measured = mean_period(&upward_crossings(&traj, angle_of));
+    assert!((measured - period).abs() < 2e-3 * period, "coarse period {measured} vs {period}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hanging_body_pin_carries_its_weight() {
+    let model = pendulum(100.0, 0.0, 0.0, 40.0);
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(0.1, 1e-3, 0.05)));
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        let j = s.joints.first().map(|j| (j.force, j.torque)).unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!(j.0.dist(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, G)) < 1e-6 * G, "force {:?}", j.0);
+        assert!(j.1.len() < 1e-6 * G, "torque {:?}", j.1);
+        assert!(angle_of(s).abs() < 1e-12);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn large_swing_conserves_energy() {
+    // Released from horizontal: a compound pendulum swinging through ±90°.
+    let model = pendulum(100.0, PI / 2.0, 0.0, 400.0);
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(2.0, 1e-3, 1e-2)));
+    let e0 = traj.samples.first().map(|s| s.energy.total()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let scale = G * 100.0;
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        assert!((s.energy.total() - e0).abs() < 1e-6 * scale, "t={} drift {}", s.time, s.energy.total() - e0);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Two links hinged about Y, released from horizontal.
+fn double_pendulum() -> Model {
+    let link = |x: f64| Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(100.0, 900.0, 900.0), Vec3::new(x, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let hinge = |a: Option<usize>, pa: Vec3, b: usize, pb: Vec3| Joint {
+        kind: JointKind::Revolute,
+        a: Marker::new(a, pa, Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+        b: Marker::new(Some(b), pb, Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+    };
+    Model {
+        bodies: vec![link(50.0), link(150.0)],
+        joints: vec![
+            hinge(None, Vec3::ZERO, 0, Vec3::new(-50.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+            hinge(Some(0), Vec3::new(50.0, 0.0, 0.0), 1, Vec3::new(-50.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+        ],
+        forces: vec![],
+        gravity: down(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn double_pendulum_conserves_energy() {
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&double_pendulum(), &Settings::rk4(5.0, 5e-4, 1e-2)));
+    let e0 = traj.samples.first().map(|s| s.energy.total()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let scale = 2.0 * G * 150.0;
+    let worst = traj.samples.iter().map(|s| (s.energy.total() - e0).abs()).fold(0.0, f64::max);
+    assert!(worst < 1e-5 * scale, "energy drift {worst} of {scale}");
+    // It did swing hard: the lower link went well past vertical.
+    let lowest = traj.samples.iter().filter_map(|s| s.bodies.get(1)).map(|b| b.position.z).fold(0.0, f64::min);
+    assert!(lowest < -100.0, "{lowest}");
+    assert_eq!(traj.stats.redundant_equations, 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn constraint_drift_stays_bounded_over_long_runs() {
+    // Projection holds the joints to its tolerance (1e-10) however long the run.
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&double_pendulum(), &Settings::rk4(20.0, 1e-3, 0.1)));
+    assert!(traj.stats.max_constraint_error <= 1e-10, "{:?}", traj.stats);
+    // Without projection, Baumgarte terms keep the drift bounded too, if less tightly.
+    let settings = Settings { projection: false, baumgarte: Some((20.0, 20.0)), ..Settings::rk4(20.0, 1e-3, 0.1) };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&double_pendulum(), &settings));
+    assert!(traj.stats.max_constraint_error < 1e-3, "{:?}", traj.stats);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn slider_crank_follows_its_closed_form() {
+    let (r, l) = (50.0, 150.0);
+    let theta0 = PI / 3.0;
+    let pin = Vec3::new(r * theta0.cos(), 0.0, -r * theta0.sin());
+    let s0 = r * theta0.cos() + (l * l - (r * theta0.sin()).powi(2)).sqrt();
+    let slide = Vec3::new(s0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let u = (slide - pin) * (1.0 / l);
+    let mut crank = Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(100.0, 2000.0, 2000.0), pin * 0.5);
+    crank.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Y, theta0);
+    crank.angular_velocity = Vec3::Y * TAU;
+    crank.velocity = (Vec3::Y * TAU).cross(pin * 0.5);
+    let mut rod = Body::at_rest(0.5, Vec3::new(50.0, 1000.0, 1000.0), (pin + slide) * 0.5);
+    rod.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Y, (-u.z).atan2(u.x));
+    let slider = Body::at_rest(0.3, Vec3::new(50.0, 50.0, 50.0), slide);
+    let hinge = |a: Option<usize>, pa: Vec3, b: usize, pb: Vec3| Joint {
+        kind: JointKind::Revolute,
+        a: Marker::new(a, pa, Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+        b: Marker::new(Some(b), pb, Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
+    };
+    let model = Model {
+        bodies: vec![crank, rod, slider],
+        joints: vec![
+            hinge(None, Vec3::ZERO, 0, Vec3::new(-r / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+            hinge(Some(0), Vec3::new(r / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0), 1, Vec3::new(-l / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+            hinge(Some(1), Vec3::new(l / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0), 2, Vec3::ZERO),
+            Joint { kind: JointKind::Slider, a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::X, Vec3::Y), b: Marker::new(Some(2), Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::X, Vec3::Y) },
+        ],
+        forces: vec![],
+        gravity: Vec3::ZERO,
+    };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(2.0, 1e-3, 1e-2)));
+    // A planar linkage built from 3D joints repeats three equations; they are solved, not refused.
+    assert_eq!(traj.stats.redundant_equations, 3);
+    let mut turned = 0.0_f64;
+    let mut last = theta0;
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        let theta = angle_of(s);
+        let x = s.joints.get(3).and_then(|j| j.values.first()).copied().unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+        let expect = r * theta.cos() + (l * l - (r * theta.sin()).powi(2)).sqrt();
+        assert!((x - expect).abs() < 1e-6, "t={}: slider {x} vs {expect}", s.time);
+        let step = (theta - last + PI).rem_euclid(TAU) - PI;
+        turned += step;
+        last = theta;
+    }
+    assert!(turned.abs() > TAU, "the crank turned {turned} rad");
+    assert!(traj.stats.max_constraint_error < 1e-9, "{:?}", traj.stats);
+    // No forces: kinetic energy is conserved.
+    let e0 = traj.samples.first().map(|s| s.energy.kinetic).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    assert!(traj.samples.iter().all(|s| (s.energy.kinetic - e0).abs() < 1e-6 * e0), "kinetic energy drifted");
+}
+
+/// A body on a slider along X, pulled toward the origin by a spring of free length 40 mm,
+/// starting 10 mm stretched, with gravity across the slide.
+fn spring_mass(damping: f64) -> Model {
+    Model {
+        bodies: vec![Body::at_rest(2.0, Vec3::new(500.0, 500.0, 500.0), Vec3::new(50.0, 0.0, 0.0))],
+        joints: vec![Joint {
+            kind: JointKind::Slider,
+            a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::X, Vec3::Y),
+            b: Marker::new(Some(0), Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::X, Vec3::Y),
+        }],
+        forces: vec![Force::Spring {
+            a: Anchor { body: None, point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            b: Anchor { body: Some(0), point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            stiffness: 800.0,
+            damping,
+            free_length: 40.0,
+            preload: 0.0,
+        }],
+        gravity: down(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn spring_mass_oscillates_at_its_natural_frequency() {
+    // ω = √(k/m) = 20 rad/s.
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&spring_mass(0.0), &Settings::rk4(1.0, 1e-4, 1e-3)));
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        let x = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.position.x).unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+        let expect = 40.0 + 10.0 * (20.0 * s.time).cos();
+        assert!((x - expect).abs() < 1e-6, "t={}: {x} vs {expect}", s.time);
+        // The slide holds the body up against gravity.
+        let f = s.joints.first().map(|j| j.force).unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!((f.z - 2.0 * G).abs() < 1e-6 * G && f.x.abs() < 1e-6 * G, "reaction {f:?}");
+    }
+    let e0 = traj.samples.first().map(|s| s.energy.total()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    assert!(traj.samples.iter().all(|s| (s.energy.total() - e0).abs() < 1e-8 * 800.0 * 100.0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn spring_damper_decays_as_the_closed_form() {
+    // c = 8 kg/s: ζ = c / (2√(km)) = 0.1.
+    let (wn, zeta) = (20.0_f64, 0.1_f64);
+    let wd = wn * (1.0 - zeta * zeta).sqrt();
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&spring_mass(8.0), &Settings::rk4(1.0, 1e-4, 1e-3)));
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        let t = s.time;
+        let x = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.position.x).unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+        let expect = 40.0 + (-zeta * wn * t).exp() * 10.0 * ((wd * t).cos() + zeta * wn / wd * (wd * t).sin());
+        assert!((x - expect).abs() < 1e-6, "t={t}: {x} vs {expect}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn torque_free_body_keeps_energy_and_momentum() {
+    let mut body = Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(1000.0, 2000.0, 3000.0), Vec3::ZERO);
+    body.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), 0.7);
+    body.angular_velocity = Vec3::new(1.0, 0.3, 5.0);
+    let model = Model { bodies: vec![body], joints: vec![], forces: vec![], gravity: Vec3::ZERO };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(2.0, 1e-4, 1e-2)));
+    let momentum = |s: &Sample| {
+        let b = s.bodies.first().copied();
+        b.map_or(Vec3::ZERO, |b| {
+            let r = b.orientation.to_mat3();
+            r.mul(&Mat3::diagonal(Vec3::new(1000.0, 2000.0, 3000.0))).mul(&r.transpose()).mul_vec(b.angular_velocity)
+        })
+    };
+    let (l0, e0) = traj.samples.first().map(|s| (momentum(s), s.energy.kinetic)).unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut tumbled = false;
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        assert!(momentum(s).dist(l0) < 1e-7 * l0.len(), "t={} momentum {:?} vs {l0:?}", s.time, momentum(s));
+        assert!((s.energy.kinetic - e0).abs() < 1e-7 * e0);
+        let w = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.angular_velocity).unwrap_or_default();
+        tumbled |= w.dist(Vec3::new(1.0, 0.3, 5.0)) > 0.1;
+    }
+    assert!(tumbled, "the angular velocity should precess");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn spherical_pendulum_keeps_energy_and_vertical_momentum() {
+    // A body on a ball joint, tilted and pushed sideways: it swings round the vertical.
+    let com = Vec3::new(60.0, 0.0, -80.0);
+    let mut body = Body::at_rest(1.5, Vec3::new(300.0, 500.0, 700.0), com);
+    body.velocity = Vec3::new(0.0, 400.0, 0.0);
+    let model = Model {
+        bodies: vec![body],
+        joints: vec![Joint {
+            kind: JointKind::Ball,
+            a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X),
+            b: Marker::new(Some(0), -com, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X),
+        }],
+        forces: vec![],
+        gravity: down(),
+    };
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(3.0, 5e-4, 1e-2)));
+    let lz = |s: &Sample| {
+        s.bodies.first().map_or(0.0, |b| {
+            let r = b.orientation.to_mat3();
+            let iw = r.mul(&Mat3::diagonal(Vec3::new(300.0, 500.0, 700.0))).mul(&r.transpose());
+            (b.position.cross(b.velocity * 1.5) + iw.mul_vec(b.angular_velocity)).z
+        })
+    };
+    let (l0, e0) = traj.samples.first().map(|s| (lz(s), s.energy.total())).unwrap_or_default();
+    assert!(l0.abs() > 1e3);
+    for s in &traj.samples {
+        assert!((lz(s) - l0).abs() < 1e-6 * l0.abs(), "t={}: Lz {} vs {l0}", s.time, lz(s));
+        assert!((s.energy.total() - e0).abs() < 1e-6 * G * 100.0, "t={}: energy drift {}", s.time, s.energy.total() - e0);
+        // The joint holds the body's pivot at the origin.
+        let pivot = s.bodies.first().map(|b| b.position + b.orientation.rotate(-com)).unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!(pivot.len() < 1e-9, "{pivot:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every joint kind between two moving bodies and between the ground and a body: the
+/// Jacobian and `J̇u` agree with finite differences of `Φ` along the motion.
+#[test]
+fn jacobians_match_finite_differences() {
+    let kinds = [JointKind::Rigid, JointKind::Revolute, JointKind::Slider, JointKind::Cylindrical, JointKind::Planar, JointKind::Ball];
+    let mut a = Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), Vec3::new(10.0, -20.0, 5.0));
+    a.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::new(0.3, -1.0, 0.4), 0.9);
+    a.velocity = Vec3::new(3.0, -1.0, 2.0);
+    a.angular_velocity = Vec3::new(0.7, -0.4, 1.1);
+    let mut b = Body::at_rest(2.0, Vec3::new(3.0, 2.0, 1.0), Vec3::new(-5.0, 15.0, 30.0));
+    b.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::new(1.0, 0.2, -0.5), -1.3);
+    b.velocity = Vec3::new(-2.0, 4.0, 1.0);
+    b.angular_velocity = Vec3::new(-0.5, 1.3, 0.2);
+    for kind in kinds {
+        for a_body in [Some(0), None] {
+            let joint = Joint {
+                kind,
+                a: Marker::new(a_body, Vec3::new(4.0, -3.0, 7.0), Vec3::new(0.2, 0.5, 1.0), Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.3)),
+                b: Marker::new(Some(1), Vec3::new(-6.0, 2.0, 1.0), Vec3::new(-0.4, 1.0, 0.1), Vec3::new(0.0, 0.3, 1.0)),
+            };
+            let model = Model { bodies: vec![a.clone(), b.clone()], joints: vec![joint], forces: vec![], gravity: Vec3::ZERO };
+            let sys = ok(System::new(&model, None));
+            let y = ok(System::initial_state(&model));
+            let h = 1e-4;
+            let (now, plus, minus) = (
+                testing::rows_at(&sys, &y),
+                testing::rows_at(&sys, &testing::drift(&sys, &y, h)),
+                testing::rows_at(&sys, &testing::drift(&sys, &y, -h)),
+            );
+            assert_eq!(now.len(), kind.equations());
+            for ((phi, ju, jdu), ((p, _, _), (m, _, _))) in now.iter().zip(plus.iter().zip(&minus)) {
+                let rate = (p - m) / (2.0 * h);
+                let accel = (p - 2.0 * phi + m) / (h * h);
+                assert!((rate - ju).abs() < 1e-5 * (1.0 + ju.abs()), "{kind:?} {a_body:?}: J u {ju} vs {rate}");
+                assert!((accel - jdu).abs() < 1e-3 * (1.0 + jdu.abs()), "{kind:?} {a_body:?}: J̇ u {jdu} vs {accel}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn joint_values_read_the_relative_motion() {
+    // A body on each joint kind, displaced along its free directions, reads them back.
+    let place = |kind: JointKind, offset: Vec3, turn: f64| {
+        let mut body = Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), offset);
+        body.orientation = Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Z, turn);
+        let model = Model {
+            bodies: vec![body],
+            joints: vec![Joint { kind, a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X), b: Marker::new(Some(0), Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X) }],
+            forces: vec![],
+            gravity: Vec3::ZERO,
+        };
+        let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(0.01, 0.01, 0.01)));
+        traj.samples.first().and_then(|s| s.joints.first()).map(|j| j.values.clone()).unwrap_or_default()
+    };
+    let close = |a: &[f64], b: &[f64]| a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() < 1e-9);
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Revolute, Vec3::ZERO, 0.4), &[0.4]));
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Slider, Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 12.0), 0.0), &[12.0]));
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Cylindrical, Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -3.0), -1.0), &[-1.0, -3.0]));
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Planar, Vec3::new(5.0, -7.0, 0.0), 2.0), &[5.0, -7.0, 2.0]));
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Ball, Vec3::ZERO, 0.5), &[0.0, 0.0, 0.5]));
+    assert!(close(&place(JointKind::Rigid, Vec3::ZERO, 0.0), &[]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn inconsistent_start_is_projected_onto_the_joints() {
+    // The pendulum's body starts 2 mm off its hinge and moving across it.
+    let mut model = pendulum(100.0, 0.3, 0.0, 40.0);
+    if let Some(b) = model.bodies.first_mut() {
+        b.position += Vec3::new(1.0, 2.0, -1.0);
+        b.velocity = Vec3::new(0.0, 50.0, 0.0);
+    }
+    let traj = ok(simulate(&model, &Settings::rk4(0.5, 1e-3, 0.05)));
+    assert!(traj.stats.max_constraint_error < 1e-9, "{:?}", traj.stats);
+    let y = traj.samples.first().and_then(|s| s.bodies.first()).map(|b| b.velocity.y).unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+    assert!(y.abs() < 1e-9, "velocity along the hinge is removed: {y}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hostile_input_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
+    let good = pendulum(100.0, 0.2, 0.0, 40.0);
+    let settings = Settings::rk4(0.1, 1e-3, 1e-2);
+    let mut cases: Vec<(Model, Settings)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut with = |f: &dyn Fn(&mut Model)| {
+        let mut m = good.clone();
+        f(&mut m);
+        cases.push((m, settings));
+    };
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.clear());
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.mass = f64::NAN));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.mass = 0.0));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.mass = -1.0));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.inertia = Mat3::diagonal(Vec3::new(1.0, -1.0, 1.0))));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.inertia = Mat3([[1.0, 5.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]])));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.inertia = Mat3::ZERO));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.position.x = f64::INFINITY));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.orientation = Quat { w: 0.0, x: 0.0, y: 0.0, z: 0.0 }));
+    with(&|m| m.bodies.iter_mut().for_each(|b| b.velocity.z = 1e300));
+    with(&|m| m.gravity = Vec3::new(f64::NAN, 0.0, 0.0));
+    with(&|m| m.joints.iter_mut().for_each(|j| j.b.body = Some(7)));
+    with(&|m| m.joints.iter_mut().for_each(|j| j.a.body = j.b.body));
+    with(&|m| m.joints.iter_mut().for_each(|j| j.a.z = Vec3::ZERO));
+    with(&|m| m.joints.iter_mut().for_each(|j| j.b.x = j.b.z));
+    with(&|m| m.forces.push(Force::Load { body: 3, point: Vec3::ZERO, force: Vec3::X, torque: Vec3::ZERO }));
+    with(&|m| {
+        m.forces.push(Force::Spring {
+            a: Anchor { body: None, point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            b: Anchor { body: Some(0), point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            stiffness: -1.0,
+            damping: 0.0,
+            free_length: 0.0,
+            preload: 0.0,
+        })
+    });
+    with(&|m| {
+        m.forces.push(Force::Spring {
+            a: Anchor { body: Some(9), point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            b: Anchor { body: Some(0), point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            stiffness: 1.0,
+            damping: 0.0,
+            free_length: 0.0,
+            preload: 0.0,
+        })
+    });
+    with(&|m| m.bodies = vec![Body::at_rest(1.0, Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), Vec3::ZERO); MAX_BODIES + 1]);
+    with(&|m| {
+        m.joints = vec![
+            m.joints.first().copied().unwrap_or(Joint {
+                kind: JointKind::Ball,
+                a: Marker::ground(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X),
+                b: Marker::new(Some(0), Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::X)
+            });
+            MAX_JOINTS + 1
+        ]
+    });
+    let bad_settings = [
+        Settings::rk4(0.0, 1e-3, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(-1.0, 1e-3, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(f64::NAN, 1e-3, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(1.0, 0.0, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(1.0, f64::INFINITY, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(1.0, 1e-3, 0.0),
+        Settings::rk4(1e6, 1e-6, 1e-2),
+        Settings::rk4(1e3, 1e-3, 1e-6),
+        Settings { projection_tol: -1.0, ..settings },
+        Settings { baumgarte: Some((f64::NAN, 1.0)), ..settings },
+        Settings { integrator: Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol: 1e-6, abs_tol: 1e-6, min_step: 1.0, max_step: 0.1 }, ..settings },
+        Settings { integrator: Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol: 0.0, abs_tol: 1e-6, min_step: 1e-9, max_step: 0.1 }, ..settings },
+    ];
+    cases.extend(bad_settings.into_iter().map(|s| (good.clone(), s)));
+    for (i, (m, s)) in cases.iter().enumerate() {
+        assert!(simulate(m, s).is_err(), "case {i} should be refused");
+    }
+    // Inputs that are valid but extreme stop with an error or finish; they never panic.
+    let stiff = Model {
+        forces: vec![Force::Spring {
+            a: Anchor { body: None, point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            b: Anchor { body: Some(0), point: Vec3::ZERO },
+            stiffness: 1e11,
+            damping: 0.0,
+            free_length: 0.0,
+            preload: 0.0,
+        }],
+        ..good.clone()
+    };
+    let _ = simulate(&stiff, &Settings::rk4(0.1, 1e-2, 1e-2));
+    let tight = Settings { integrator: Integrator::Adaptive { rel_tol: 1e-14, abs_tol: 1e-14, min_step: 1e-3, max_step: 1e-3 }, ..settings };
+    let _ = simulate(&stiff, &tight);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn models_round_trip_through_json() {
+    let mut model = spring_mass(1.5);
+    model.forces.push(Force::Load { body: 0, point: Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), force: Vec3::new(0.0, 5.0, 0.0), torque: Vec3::ZERO });
+    let text = match serde_json::to_string(&model) {
+        Ok(t) => t,
+        Err(e) => panic!("{e}"),
+    };
+    let back: Model = match serde_json::from_str(&text) {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(e) => panic!("{e}"),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(back, model);
+    let settings: Settings = match serde_json::from_str(r#"{"duration":1.0,"output_interval":0.1,"integrator":{"type":"rk4","step":0.001}}"#) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => panic!("{e}"),
+    };
+    assert!(settings.projection && settings.validate().is_ok());
+}